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CHAPTER 1 – UNITY IN DIVERSITY

CHAPTER 1 – UNITY IN DIVERSITY. UNITY IN DIVERSITY. MARS VS EARTH (WHAT’S THE BIG DEAL?!?). UNITY IN DIVERSITY. WHAT IS SCIENCE? AN ORGANIZED WAY OF LOOKING AT THE WORLD AND EXPLAINING OBSERVABLE PHENOMENA WHAT DO WE OBSERVE IS THE PHENOMENA BETWEEN MARS AND EARTH? LIFE VS. NO LIFE

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CHAPTER 1 – UNITY IN DIVERSITY

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  1. CHAPTER 1 – UNITY IN DIVERSITY

  2. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • MARS VS EARTH (WHAT’S THE BIG DEAL?!?)

  3. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • WHAT IS SCIENCE? • AN ORGANIZED WAY OF LOOKING AT THE WORLD AND EXPLAINING OBSERVABLE PHENOMENA • WHAT DO WE OBSERVE IS THE PHENOMENA BETWEEN MARS AND EARTH? • LIFE VS. NO LIFE • BIOLOGY IS THE BRANCH OF SCIENCE THAT ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN “LIFE”

  4. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • BIOLOGY • THE STUDY OF LIVING THINGS

  5. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • IN ORDER TO FULLY UNDERSTAND BIOLOGY, WE MUST UNDERSTAND THE FOLLOWING AS THE FOUNDATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY • HOW TO DEFINE LIFE • HOW TO USE SCIENCE IN EXPLAINING BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES (HOW TO THINK LIKE A SCIENTIST) • HOW TO ORGANIZE LIFE INTO MANAGEABLE TOPICS/GROUPS OF STUDY (CLASSIFICATION)

  6. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE ALIVE?? • THERE IS NO EASY ANSWER/DEFINITION TO THIS QUESTION…SO WHAT CAN WE DO TO FIGURE OUT IF SOMETHING IS “ALIVE”??

  7. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • WE DEFINE SOMETHING AS BEING ALIVE (AN ORGANISM) IF IT HAS THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS: • LIVING THINGS ARE HIGHLY ORGANIZED AND CONTAIN MANY COMPLEX CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES • LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE CELLS • LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY • LIVING THINGS HAVE A DEFINITE FORM AND A LIMITED SIZE • LIVING THINGS HAVE A LIMITED LIFE SPAN • LIVING THINGS GROW • LIVING THINGS RESPOND TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT • LIVING THINGS ARE ARE ABLE TO REPRODUCE • GROUPS OF LIVING THINGS CHANGE OVER TIME (EVOLUTION)

  8. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • SAY HELLO TO THE EBOLA VIRUS… • IS IT ALIVE?? • DOES IT MEETALL THECRITERIA MENTIONEDPREVIOUSLY??

  9. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • WE DEFINE SOMETHING AS BEING ALIVE (AN ORGANISM) IF IT HAS THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS: • LIVING THINGS ARE HIGHLY ORGANIZED AND CONTAIN MANY COMPLEX CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES - CHECK • LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE CELLS - CHECK • LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY - CHECK • LIVING THINGS HAVE A DEFINITE FORM AND A LIMITED SIZE - CHECK • LIVING THINGS HAVE A LIMITED LIFE SPAN - CHECK • LIVING THINGS GROW - CHECK • LIVING THINGS RESPOND TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT - CHECK • LIVING THINGS ARE ARE ABLE TO REPRODUCE – FAIL!!

  10. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • NON-LIVING THINGS MAY EXHIBIT SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS LISTED, BUT UNLESS ALL OF THEM ARE PRESENT…IT IS CONSIDERED A NONLIVING THING

  11. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • ANOTHER WAY TO DETERMINE IF SOMETHING IS LIVING IS IF IT PERFORMS ALL OF THE… • LIFE PROCESSES

  12. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • LIFE PROCESSES =H.N.T.R.S.G.E.R.M.R. (“HUNTERS GERMER”)

  13. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • H = HOMEOSTASIS • N = NUTRITION • T = TRANSPORT • R = RESPIRATION • S = SYNTHESIS • G = GROWTH • E = EXCRETION • R = REGULATION • M = METABOLISM • R = REPRODUCTION

  14. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • HOMEOSTASIS • MAINTAINING A STABLE INTERNALENVIRONMENT • “FEEDBACK” MECHANISMS

  15. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • NUTRITION • TAKING MATERIALS FROM THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND TURNING THEM INTO FORMS YOU CAN USE • AUTOTROPHIC VS.HETEROTROPHIC • INGESTION VS.DIGESTION VS.EGESTION

  16. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • TRANSPORT • THE PROCESS BY WHICH SUBSTANCES ENTER ANDLEAVE CELLS AND BECOME DISTRIBUTED WITHIN THE CELLS • *CIRCULATORY SYSTEM* • SPECIALIZED SYSTEM TO ALLOWFOR TRANSPORT

  17. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • RESPIRATION • BREATHING VS.CELLULARRESPIRATION • AEROBIC VS.ANAEROBIC

  18. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • SYNTHESIS • COMBININGSIMPLE SUBSTANCESTO FORM LARGER, MORE COMPLEX SUBSTANCES

  19. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • GROWTH • PROCESSBY WHICHORGANISMSINCREASE IN SIZE(EITHER # OF CELLS,OR SIZE OF CELL)

  20. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • EXCRETION • THE REMOVAL OFMETABOLIC WASTES

  21. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • REGULATION • ALL THE ACTIVITIESTHAT HELPAN ORGANISMMAINTAINHOMEOSTASIS • A.K.A“RESPONSE”

  22. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • METABOLISM • ALL THECHEMICALREACTIONS(RxNS) THATOCCUR IN THE BODY

  23. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • REPRODUCTION • THE PROCESSBY WHICHLIVING THINGSPRODUCE NEWORGANISMSOF THEIROWN KIND • ASEXUAL VS.SEXUAL • *ONLY PROCESS THAT ISNOT NECESSARY FOR INDIVIDUAL*

  24. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • ALWAYS REMEMBER… • H.N.T.R.S.G.E.R.M.R

  25. UNITY IN DIVERSITY • NEXT TIME…WE TALK ABOUT WHYI, AND YOU, LOVE SCIENCE • LEARN TO THINK, AND ACT, LIKE ASCIENTIST

  26. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE

  27. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE • THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD • THE UNIVERSAL SCIENTIFIC APPROACHTO PROBLEM-SOLVING

  28. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE • IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM • A SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM IS PHRASED IN THE FORM OF A QUESTION • EXAMPLE?? • FORMULATE A HYPOTHESIS • A HYPOTHESIS IS AN EDUCATED GUESS (*POSSIBLE EXPLANATION*) • “IF, THEN” STATEMENT • NEVER IN THE FORM OF A QUESTION!!!!! • EXAMPLE???

  29. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE • TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS – EXPERIMENTATION • SCIENTISTS WILL SET UP A SITUATION WHERE A PARTICULAR OBSERVATION CAN BE MADE • OFTEN SCIENTISTS USE CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS • TWO, OR MORE, EXPERIMENTS ARE SET UP WHERE ONLY A SINGLE FACTOR IS DIFFERENT BETWEEN THEM • THAT SINGLE FACTOR IS CALLED A VARIABLE

  30. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE • CONTROLLEDEXPERIMENT • CONTROLGROUP VS.EXPERIMENTALGROUP

  31. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE • THE PLACEBO EFFECT

  32. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE • OBSERVE AND RECORD DATA • ANALYZE DATA • DRAW CONCLUSIONS • RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST / RETEST • SCIENTIFIC THEORIES • EXPLANATIONS THAT APPLY TO A BROAD RANGE OF PHENOMENA AND THAT ARE SUPPORTED BY EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE • SCIENTIFIC LAWS • A STATEMENT THAT DESCRIBES SOME ASPECT OF A PHENOMENA THAT IS ALWAYS TRUE…NOT AN EXPLANATION!!!

  33. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE • SI SYSTEM

  34. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE • TOOLS OF THE BIOLOGIST • THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE • THE SIMPLE MICROSCOPE • THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE • THE PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPE • THE STEREOMICROSCOPE • THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE • LABORATORY TECHNIQUES • CENTRIFUGATION • MICRODISSECTION • CHROMATOGRAPHY • ELECTROPHORESIS • SPECTROPHOTOMETERS

  35. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE • THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE • MAGNIFICATION VS.RESOLUTION

  36. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE • PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPES

  37. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE • STEREOMICROSCOPES • HELPFUL TO SEEEXTERIOR SURFACES, USUALLY PROVIDES A MORE 3-D IMAGE

  38. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE • ELECTRON MICROSCOPES • TRANSMISSION VS SCANNING • 1,000,000x MAGNIFACTION, BUT…

  39. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE • ELECTRON MICROSCOPES • TRANSMISSION VS SCANNING • 1,000,000x MAGNIFACTION, BUT…

  40. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE • LABORATORY TECHNIQUES • CENTRIFUGATION • CHROMATOGRAPHY • ELECTROPHORESIS

  41. BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE • LET’S KEEP LEARNING…SO YOU ARE ALL SMART ENOUGH TO AVOID DOING…

  42. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

  43. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS • ABOUT HOW MANY LIVING THINGS EXIST ON EARTH? • 1.5 MILLION KNOWN ORGANISMS • THOUSANDS MORE IDENTIFIED EACH YEAR • ABOUT 10 MILLION DIFFERENT ORGANISMS BELIEVED TO EXIST ON EARTH

  44. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS • WITH SO MANY DIFFERENT LIVING THINGS, IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR SCIENTISTS TO ORGANIZE THEM TO MAKE IT EASIER TO SHARE, AND STUDY, INFORMATION ABOUT LIVING THINGS

  45. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS • THE BRANCH OF BIOLOGY THAT DEALS WITH CLASSIFICATION (GROUPING) AND NAMING LIVING THINGS IS CALLED… • TAXONOMY

  46. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS • WHY ORGANIZE??

  47. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS • EARLY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

  48. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS • MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM BASED UPON THE WORK OF CAROLUS LINNAEUS • ISN’T HE A HOTTIE?!?!?

  49. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS • IF YOU WERE TO GROUP THINGS TOGETHER, WHAT WOULD YOU USE? • LINNAEUS GROUPED THINGS BASED ON PHYSICAL(STRUCTURAL) SIMILARITY • DIFFERENT LEVELS OF GROUPS WERE CREATED TO DEMONSTRATE VARIOUS LEVELS OF SIMILARITY

  50. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS • TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES • KINGSPLAYCHESSONFLATGLASSSQUARES

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