New Zealand’s Search for Security

1. New Zealand’sSearch for Security 1945 - 1985 NCEA Level 1

2. Introduction • New Zealand’s post- Second World War foreign policy included being involved with the United Nations, ANZUS and SEATO. • NZ’s foreign policy, since 1970, became more independent shaped by both internal and external influences.

3. World War II • 3 September 1939, PM Michael Joseph Savage declared war on Germany • June 1940 Curchill advised NZ that Britain could not match Japanese agression • December 1941 Japanese forces attacked Pearl harbour • 15 February 1942 Singapore fell to Japan • NZ looked to the USA

4. March 1942 An American division was sent to NZ • 100,000 US servicemen spent leave in NZ during WWII. • 1944 NZ and Australia signed Canberra Pact

5. Canberra Pact • signed to: • consult on areas of mutual interest • Oppose placement of military installations in the region • Support the principle of Trusteeship • Set up a Regional Commission to advance economic, political and social development of the region.

6. Post-1945 • 26 June 1945, 51 countries signed UN charter. • Peter Fraser continued principle of collective security. • Unsuccessfully opposed veto of UN security council. • NZ made free and independent state with Statute of Westminster 1947.

7. Commonwealth • 49 members joined • Former British dominions and colonies • South Africa left. • Defence, friendship and trade purposes

8. Military Alliances 1. ANZUS 2. SEATO 3. ANZAM/AMDA

9. ANZUS • Signed 1951 between US, Australia and NZ • John Dulles signed for US, P. Spender for Australia and Carl Berendsen for NZ • To: maintain and develop resources to strengthen ability to resist attack • Consult if partner threatened in Pacific • Act to meet a common danger in accordance with each members constitutional processes. • Recognised foreign policy shift from Britain to USA

10. SEATO • South East Asia Treaty Organisation signed Manila Pac 1951. • To meet growing threat of communism in SE Asia. • United States afraid of ‘Domino Theory’. • China and North Korea had become communist • Broader security arrangement than ANZUS

11. SEATO • India, Indonesia and Malaysia never joined • Weakened further when Britain withdrew in 1969 • Pakistan withdrew 1973 • France withdrew 1974 • Phased out by 1975

12. ANZAM/AMDA • 1955 - Australia, NZ, and Malaya also incl British forces in area. • Defence arrangement not a treaty • Commonwealth Strategic Reserve in Malaya used against communists in the Malaya ‘emergency’. And confrontation against Indonesia in 1964-65. • Revised to AMDA in 1975 when Malaysia became independent. • Australia and NZ withdrew 1980 except NZ troops in Singapore.

13. Asia • NZ changed focus from Europe to Asia post war • Closer ties with US • Korea • Laos • Malaya/Malaysia • Vietnam

14. Korea • July 1950 NZ sent troops to assist UN. • 2 Frigates and 2000 volunteer troops • Served in Commonwealth Brigade • Fulfilled oblifgations to UN and also developed friendship with USA

15. Laos • Pro-communist uprising in 1959 • Laos government appealed to UN • 1962 SEATO became involved incl NZ • Fall of South Vietnam led to Pathet Lao gaining control in Laos

16. Malaya/Malaysia • 1955 NZ troops deployed as part of Commonwealth Strategic Reserve Forces (CSRF) in Malaya • Fought communists during emergency • 1964-65 Further threat from Indonesia. • Sukarno objected to creation of Federatiion of Malaysia and became confrontational. • CSRF met threat until ceased in 1965.

17. Vietnam Anti-war meeting poster • 1962 Medical team to Vietnam • 1964 25 non-combat engineers • 1965 Artillery battalion to support Australia • 3,500 total commitment over time. • Holyoake justified it as SEATO commitment. • 1960 protests. • 1972 December troops withdrawn by Kirk • 35 killed, 187 wounded

18. NZ and the Pacific • Western Samoa • Cook Islands • Niue, Nauru, Tokelau • South Pacific Commission • South Pacific Forum

19. Western Samoa • NZ gained Western Samoa under League of Nations • 1947 Western Samoa established parliament • 1961 voted for independence • 1962 became independent but maintained links with NZ

20. Cook Islands • Administered by NZ since 1901 • August 1965 became self-governing • Open access to NZ

21. Niue, Nauru, Tokelau • Niue independent in 1974, NZ responsibility for defence and foreign policy. Niue citizens are NZ citizens. • Nauru. Adminstered by NZ, Australia and Britain until independence in 1968. • Tokelau – still under NZ administration with islanders preferring this position.

22. South Pacific Commission& South Pacific Forum • South Pacific Commission came out of Canberra Pact of 1944 and established 1947. • Comprises representatives 27 countries. • Promoted economic and social progress • South Pacific Forum – established 1971. Trade, shipping and investment.

23. 1970-1985 • Promoted policy of social and economic progress through aid programmes • Bilateral aid direct between countries. Multilateral aid through third party such as Red Cross. • Most aid focused on commonwealth countries then changed to ASEAN countries. • Debate over whether the amount of aid is enough.

24. Foreign Policy since 1970 • Nuclear debate • Nuclear Testing in Pacific • ‘Rainbow Warrior’ • Nuclear Free NZ • Rugby and Politics

25. Nuclear debate • Frequent testing of nuclear weapons in South Pacific since 1945 • Bikini – Woomera – Christmas Island – Lop Nor and Nagch – Nevada – Mururoa Atoll • NZ protested against this testing • 1963 Britain and USA and USSR signed treaty against testing of nuclear weapons in atmosphere. • France, China and India refused to sign

26. Nuclear Testing in Pacific • France used Mururoa Atoll as nuclear test site throughout 1970s. • 1972 Greenpeace vessels sailed into the region • 1973 NZ took France to Internatonal Court of Justice and won. • France ignored order and continued. • NZ sent Cabinet Ministers and frigates to test area. • France moved testing underground.

27. ‘Rainbow Warrior’ • 10 July 1985 Greenpeace flagship Rainbow Warrior was sunk at Marsden Wharf, Auckland. • Fernando Periera was killed. • French Government planned the attack. • 24 July 1985 two French secret agents were arrested and charged. • France boycotted NZ exports • UN Secretary General was asked to mediate and he released the agents and France paid NZ compensation.

28. Nuclear Free NZ • Joint Military exercises held untl 1984. • Nuclear powered vessels visited NZ until election of Labour Government – stopped visits. • US declared ANZUS no longer workable. • NZ was excluded from ANZUS Council in August 1986 • NZ’s staus was downgraded by the US.

29. Rugby and Politics • 1960 protests in NZ against South Africa’s apartheid policy • 1968 UN called for boycott of SA • 1970 Rugby team of ‘Honorary Whites’ sent to SA

30. Rugby and Politics cont’d • 1973 Rugby tour postponed • 1975 National supported sporting ties and in 1976 Rugby union accepted invitation • 1977 Gleneagles Agreement adopted by commonwealth. • Despite Gleneafgles a Springbok tour of NZ was scheduled for 1981. • Major protests took place and NZrs were bitterly divided. • Police and protesters clashed.

31. Conclusion • Increased independence and sovereignty since 1945 • Less reliance on Britain and looked to USA • Non-nuclear emphasis • Looked to Asia and South Pacific

32. Bibliography • Webb, Fountain, Hasler, Hearn-Rollo, Jarman, Lidstone, (2004), New Zealand’ssearch for Security 1945 – 1985, Auckland: ESA Publications. pp. 120-135.