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Vertebrates

Vertebrates. Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals. Vertebrates. Backbone or vertebral column Protects spine gives support Endoskeleton Support Shape grows. Phylum Chordata. Nerve cord – hollow tube near back Notochord Beneath nerve cord Throat with gill slits.

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Vertebrates

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  1. Vertebrates Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

  2. Vertebrates • Backbone or vertebral column • Protects spine • gives support • Endoskeleton • Support • Shape • grows

  3. Phylum Chordata • Nerve cord – hollow tube near back • Notochord • Beneath nerve cord • Throat with gill slits

  4. Groups of Chordates • Eight Groups • Six are ectotherms • Rely on environment for heat • “cold blooded” • Two are endotherms • Maintain their body heat • “warm blooded”

  5. What to do next • Color code the embryos • Do section review on page 2 of your packet (pg 62 of your text) • Complete directed reading on page 3 of your packet

  6. FISH • Evolved 540 mya • Water dwelling vertebrates • Scales • Fins • Throat with gill slits

  7. Jawless Fish • Most primitive • No scales • No fins • No jaw • No bones • Examples- hagfish and lamprey

  8. Cartilaginous Fish • Skeleton made of cartilage • Tooth-like scales • No swim bladder • Sharks, skates, and rays

  9. Bony Fish • Have a swim bladder • Gives the ability to float or sink • Color vision • Lateral line that senses movement

  10. Fish Diagram

  11. What to do next? • Color and label fish diagram • Do crossword • Do section review on page 6 of packet (pg 67 in your text) • Complete directed reading on page 7 of your packet

  12. AMPHIBIANS • Ectotherms • Term amphibian means “double life” • Live on land and water – soft eggs • Goes through metamorphosis

  13. Caecilians • Legless amphibian • Lives in damp soil in the tropics • Eats small invertebrates • Thin moist skin • Small eyes under skin but are blind

  14. Salamander • 390 known species • Eats small vertebrates • Long tail and four small legs

  15. How Frogs and Toads are Alike • 90% of all amphibians are frogs and toads • Found all over the world • Highly adapted for life on land • Sticky tongues that are attached to the front of the mouth instead of the back • Strong legs for jumping • Ears • Vocal cords

  16. How Frogs and Toads are Different Frogs • Need to live near water • Have smooth, moist skin that makes them look “slimy”. • Have a narrow body • Have higher, rounder, bulgier eyes • Have longer hind legs • Take long high jumps • Have many predators Toads • Do not need to live near water to survive • Have rough, dry, bumpy skin • Have a wider body • Have lower, football shaped eyes • Have shorter, less powerful hind legs • Will run or take small hops rather than jump • Do not have many predators. Toad’s skin lets out a bitter taste and smell

  17. Frog Life Cycle

  18. What to do next • Fill out the Venn diagram that compares/contrasts a toad and a frog • Color pictures • Do section review on page 9 of packet (pg 72 of textbook) • Directed Reading on page 10 of packet

  19. REPTILES • Thick, dry skin • Ectotherms • Lungs to breathe • Evolved 35 mya • Strong vertical legs • Most lay thick rubbery eggs. This allows them to reproduce on land

  20. Reptile eggs • Shell - protects the egg • Albumen – provides water and protein • Amniotic sac - protects embryo • Yolk - provides food • Allantois – stores waste and passes oxygen

  21. Labeling the egg

  22. Lizards • About 4,000 species • Live in deserts, jungle, forests and grasslands • Most eat small invertebrates and plants but some are strictly herbivores • The tail of some lizards separate from the body when the lizard is grabbed. The tail that is left behind wriggles, confusing the other animal.

  23. Turtles and Tortoises • 250 species • Slow and inflexible • Protective shell • Live on land and water • Are distant relatives of most other reptiles

  24. Snakes • About 1600 species • No legs • Scales on belly pull snake forward • Carnivores with a good sense of smell

  25. Alligators and Crocodiles • Eyes and nose on top of head so they can hide under water • Carnivores • Spend most of their time in water • 22 different species

  26. Alligators and Crocodiles

  27. What’s Next? • Do amphibians and reptiles crossword puzzle page 16 • Do section reviews on page 13 of your packet (page 77 in your text) • Do chapter review on page 14 of your packet (page 82 of your text) questions 6-12. Use complete sentences. • Complete study guide on page 15 of packet

  28. Birds • Endotherms (warm-blooded) • Egg-laying vertebrates • 4 types -perching birds – sparrows, robins etc. -bird of prey- owls, hawks etc. -waterfowl – ducks, geese etc. -flightless- penguins, ostrich etc.

  29. Feathers • Adapted for flight • Contour feathers – large, broad • Down – small, used for insulation • Not all birds fly

  30. Adaptations • Beak – cracking, drilling • Feet – wading, scratching

  31. Which food goes with which bird?

  32. A few feet • good for perching • good for swimming • good for capturing prey

  33. Respiration • Air sacs - give constant oxygen (fuel) - give enough energy for flight • lungs

  34. Circulation • Double-loop circulatory system keeps oxygenated blood separate from de-oxygenated blood

  35. Bones • Birds have “hollow” bone that makes them lightweight • Have trusses inside bone for strength

  36. Complex Behaviors • Song - protects territory - mating - calling • Migrate

  37. Flight adaptations • Feathers and wings • Hollow bones • Keel and strong flight muscles • Large eyes • Increased heart rate • Increased respiration • High body temperature

  38. y

  39. What to do next • Color skeletons • Do section review on page 21 of packet (page 94 questions 1-5) • Do section review on page 22 of your packet (page 97 of your text) • Do crossword puzzle on page 22 of your packet • Complete reading guide on page 23 of your packet

  40. Class Mammalia

  41. Characteristics of all Mammals • Hair • Mammary Glands and a diaphragm • Most Sweat • Endothermic

  42. Three Classes • Monotremes • Marsupials • Placental

  43. Monotremes-Echidnas and duck billed platypus • Egg laying – leathery eggs • “furred reptiles” - Babies lick milk from mother’s fur

  44. Marsupials • Pouched • Inside pouches are mammary glands • Infants are born not fully developed and move to pouch to finish development • Different age babies can live in pouch at the same time • Live mostly in Australia, New Guinea, and South America • Kangaroos, opossums, koalas, Tasmanian devils, wallabies

  45. Placental • Most mammals are placental • Embryos stay inside mother until fully developed • Babies are born like smaller adults • Placenta supplies food and oxygen • Placenta are special attachments from embryo to uterus • Placenta also removes waste • Gestation period is the time it takes for an embryo to develop • Gestation ranges from a few weeks to almost 2 years depending on the species

  46. Toothless Mammals • Only anteaters are completely toothless. • The rest have small teeth • Catch insects with long, sticky tongues • Anteaters, aardvarks, armadillos, sloth

  47. Insect Eating • Also called insectivores • Live everywhere except Australia and Antarctica • Have very small brains • Few specialized teeth • thin long pointed nose

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