Health Benefits of Beans in the Diet

1. Health Benefits of Beansin the Diet Mark A. Brick and Henry Thompson Department of Soil and Crop Sciences Cancer Prevention Laboratory Colorado State University Cancer Prevention Laboratory

3. Beans the Nearly Perfect food?…benefits of bean consumption • Macronutrients: • *High Protein* • Low GI Carbohydrates • Low Fat, Cholesterol Free • Micronutrients: • B Vitamins • Iron • Calcium • Copper • Zinc • Phosphorous • Potassium • Magnesium

4. Why Nearly Perfect? • Lignans • Phytates • Protease Inhibitors • Amylase Inhibitors • Trypsin Inhibitors • Saponins • Lectins • Lectins: • Antinutritional factor • Phytohemagglutinin • Causes agglutination of red blood cells • May also bind receptors in small intestine • Denatured with standard cooking conditions enough to be safe

5. Nutritional Value in One Serving of Beans

6. Our Research Started with Funding From The Bean Health Alliance (BHA) • A joint venture between industry and the federal government • The objective was to promote science and consumption of dry beans and cowpea • The BHA Funded four research projects • http://www.beansforhealth.org/durban.html

7. Projects funded by the BHA Resistant Starch and Colon Health(USDA) Hearth Disease and Type II Diabetes (ASU) Immunity from AIDS (MSU) Cancer Prevention (Colorado State University)

9. Hypotheses of the CSU Project Dry bean market classes differ in antioxidant activity and there will be differences in in-vivo activity. Dry bean cultivars with high in-vivo antioxidant activity also have the ability to reduce diabetes-associated inflammation and oxidation. Dry bean cultivars with high in vivo antioxidant activity will have cancer inhibitory activity against experimentally induced breast cancer.

10. Materials and Methods • We evaluated 11 market classes of dry beans

11. Bean Processing For Trials Commercially Processed seed (Archer Daniels Midland) Cooked, canned (Bush Bros) Freeze dried (Van Drunen Farms) Milled Incorporated into purified animal diet (CSU)

12. Chemical Assays Total Phenolics Antioxidant Activity

13. Results

14. Colored beans had higher phenolic content in both the cooked and uncooked product.

15. Antioxidant capacity was also highest in colored beans

16. Conclusions Colored Beans had both higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Cooking the beans reduced antioxidant activity to less than 1/3 of their non- cooked value.

17. Do dry beans have an effect on experimentally induced breast cancer? • Are there differences among dry bean market classes for cancer inhibitory activity? If beans differ, we would expect to see the greatest differences among beans from different “Centers of Domestication”.

18. Genetic Diversity of Dry Beans Occur Based on Region of Domestication

19. To evaluate whether beans could protect against cancer, we used a: Pre-Clinical Model for Breast Cancer Study Terminated Carcinogen Injected DCIS & AC IDP Feeding Treatments begin

20. Bean Market Classes Evaluated

21. Results: Carcinogenic Study Incidence = Frequency of animals with one cancer lesion

22. Results: Carcinogenic Study Multiplicity = No. of cancerous tumors per animal

23. Results: Carcinogenic Study

24. 4 3 2 No. Mammary Carcinomas/ Rat 1 0 -1 C0NTROL MID_AM ANDEAN Center of Domestication Beans From Different Centers of Domestication Differed Somewhat in their Protective Ability! Incidence Middle American Andean

25. Does the amount of bean in the diet influence cancer? Dosage of Bean in the Diet

26. Effect of red bean dosage on mammary carcinogenesis Dosage (%)

27. What About the Effect of Beans on Other Chronic Diseases? To determine if beans could alter biomarkers related to other chronic diseases, we looked at blood analytes of animals the were fed beans in the dose response study.

28. A Model: Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases

29. 150 4 1900 1800 140 1700 130 3 1600 120 GLUCOSE INSULIN 1500 IGF1 110 1400 100 2 1300 90 1200 80 1100 70 1 1000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 % Bean in the diet 60 450 400 50 CRP IL6 350 40 300 30 250 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Concentrations of Five Biomarkers in the Blood Plasma were Reduced In a Linear Manner With Consumption Glucose Insulin IGF-1 % Bean in the diet % Bean in the diet Proteins indicative of cell inflamation Protein CRP Protein IL 6 % Bean in the diet % Bean in the diet

30. Conclusions: Beans in the diet favorably influenced each of the five biomarkers in the dose response study!

31. What Did We Learn? 1. Beans Differ for Antioxidant Capacity • Colored Beans are higher in antioxidant activity than white beans. • Antioxidant activity did not relate to protective ability for cancer. • Antioxidant activity appears to be related to anthocyanins and phenols in the seed coat

32. What Did We Learn? 2. Beans in the diet of animals, favorably reduced biomarkers for other chronic diseases such as heart disease, adult diabetes, obesity and others.

33. What Did We Learn? 3. Beans in the diet significantly reduced the incidence and severity of cancer in laboratory animals • Cancer multiplicity and incidence was reduced to one-third the level of the control. • There was a dose response to the amount of bean in the diet

34. Where Do We Go From Here? Identify factors in beans that are involved with protective activity. Identify genes or genetic control of protective activity to breed healthier beans. Document the effects of bean in the diet on humans (Clinical trials)

35. Secondary Metabolites May Be Responsible for Bioactivity or Protection

36. Genomics: Study Gene Expression in Subjects Fed Dry Bean • Concept: • Genes involved in pathways relevant to cancer, cardiovascular disease, and/or type II diabetes will be affected by the dry bean diet in a way that could be explanatory of dry bean associated health benefits

37. Study: Effect of Red Bean on targeted gene expression profiles in rat (Erica Daniell) +MNU 34 days of age 27 days of age Non-MNU Control Diet Termination 7 days Study Diet Livers snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen 7 days RNA isolation and Purification qPCR Array Analysis

38. Cyp7a1 Gene regulates Cholesterol Catabolism into Bile Salts OH COO - HO OH Cholesterol Cholate HO Cholesterol7-hydroxylase Slide Source Lipids Online Slide Library www.lipidsonline.org

39. Activity of Cyp7a1 in animals fed bean. D C B B A

40. Cyp7a1 regulates: Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids Bile Acid Secretion  Uptake of cholesterol Reabsorption of bile acids  Bile Acid Excretion Conversion of cholesterol to Bile Acids 0% Dry Bean Diet = No induction of Cyp7a1 Bile acids reabsorbed

41. Cyp7a1 regulates: Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids Bile Acid Secretion  Uptake of cholesterol Reabsorption of bile acids  Bile Acid Excretion Conversion of cholesterol to Bile Acids With Dry Bean Diet, no induction of Cyp7a1 Noreabsorption of bile acids

42. The Cancer Prevention & Crops for Health Lab Team • Preclinical/Field • Liz Neil • Barry Ogg • Denise Rush • Jenni Sells • Exercise Sciences • Phil Mann • Mark Wisthoff • Engineers • Nick Fernadez • Andre Powell • Jay Waterman • Molecular Biology • Erica Danielle • Vanessa Fizgerald • Sophie Herrmann • Weiqin Jiang • Zongjian Zhu • Clincal • Elizabeth Daeninck • Caitlin O’Neil • Mary Playdon • Scot Sedlacek • Pathology • John McGinley • Audrey Barnett • Joy Hester • Jen Price • Leslie Brick • Laura Hester • Meenakshi Singh • Chemistry/Biochemistry • Matthew Thompson • Meghan Caulum • Sung Gu Lee • Erica McDaniel • Tim Pouland

43. Thank You ! http://www.cropsforhealth.colostate.edu/