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Chapter 3: Matter

Chapter 3: Matter. Matter. Has volume and mass. Classifying Matter by Physical State. Matter can be classified as solid, liquid or gas based on what properties it exhibits. Fixed = keeps shape when placed in a container, Indefinite = takes the shape of the container. Classifying Matter.

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Chapter 3: Matter

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  1. Chapter 3: Matter

  2. Matter • Has volume and mass

  3. Classifying Matterby Physical State • Matter can be classified as solid, liquid or gas based on what properties it exhibits • Fixed = keeps shape when placed in a container, • Indefinite = takes the shape of the container

  4. Classifying Matter

  5. Pure Substances have the same physical and chemical properties constant composition temperature usually stays constant while melting or boiling Mixtures may show different properties variable composition = homogeneous (= solution) or heterogeneous (= not evenly mixed) separate into components based on physical properties temperature changes while melting or boiling because composition changes Pure Substances vs. Mixtures

  6. Classifying Pure SubstancesElements and Compounds • Elements: substances which can not be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions • Atoms are the building blocks • Compounds: substances that are chemically combined of elements. • Molecules or formula units are the building blocks • Compounds can be broken down into elements • Properties of the compound not related to the properties of the elements that compose it

  7. Classification of Mixtures • Homogeneous = matter that is uniform throughout • appears to be one thing • every piece of a sample has identical properties, though another sample with the same components may have different properties • solutions (homogeneous mixtures) • Heterogeneous = matter that is non-uniform throughout • contains regions with different properties than other regions

  8. Elements • 116 known, of which about 91 are found in nature • others are man-made • Abundance = percentage found in nature • oxygen most abundant element (by mass) on earth and in the human body • the abundance and form of an element varies in different parts of the environment • every sample of an element is made up of lots of identical atoms

  9. Compounds • composed of elements in fixed percentages (Ex) Water = 89% O & 11% H by mass • billions of known compounds • same elements can form more than one different compound (Ex) water (H2O) vs. hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (Ex) methanol (CH3OH) vs. ethanol (C2H5OH)

  10. Describing Matter • Properties • Physical • Chemical • Intensive • Extensive • Changes • Physical • Chemical

  11. Properties of Matter • Physical Properties: directly observable characteristics • Chemical Properties: characteristics that describe the behavior of matter • Intensive Properties:don’t depend on the amount of substance (Ex) color, texture, density, boiling point, conductivity, malleability, ductility • Extensive Properties: (Ex) mass, volume, length

  12. Some Physical Properties

  13. Some Chemical Properties

  14. Different Physical Property Technique Boiling Point Distillation State of Matter (solid/liquid/gas) Filtration Adherence to a Surface Chromatography Volatility Evaporation Density Centrifugation & Decanting Separation of Mixtures • Separate mixtures based on different physical properties of the components • Physical change

  15. Distillation

  16. Filtration

  17. Changes in Matter • Physical Changes • Chemical Changes

  18. Physical Changes • do not effect its composition (Ex) heating, evaporating, dissolving sugar in water, boiling, freezing, melting, condensation, sublimation, deposition

  19. Phase Changes arePhysical Changes • Boiling = liquid to gas • Melting = solid to liquid • Subliming = solid to gas • Condensing = gas to liquid • Freezing = liquid to solid • Deposition = gas to solid • state changes require heating or cooling the substance • evaporation is not a simple phase change, it is a solution process

  20. Chemical Changes • change its composition • a chemical reaction • always accompany physical changes (Ex) rusting, burning, tarnishing, all chemical reactions

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