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Molecules and Cells Review

Molecules and Cells Review. Chapters 1-12. Molecules and Cells (25%) A. Chemistry of Life (7%) 1.Water 2.Organic molecules in organisms 3.Free energy changes 4.Enzymes

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Molecules and Cells Review

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  1. Molecules and Cells Review Chapters 1-12 Molecules and Cells (25%) A. Chemistry of Life (7%) 1.Water 2.Organic molecules in organisms 3.Free energy changes 4.Enzymes B. Cells (10%)1.Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 2.Membranes 3.Subcellular organization 4.Cell cycle and its regulation C. Cellular Energetics (8%) 1.Coupled reactions 2.Fermentation and cellular respiration 3.Photosynthesis

  2. Properties of water • Cohesion/Adhesion • High specific heat • High heat of vaporization • Lower density of ice • Solubility • Water ionizes • pH = -log[H+] • Buffers

  3. Organic Macromolecules • Carbs - glucose - glycosidic linkages • Energy, structure (glucose, starch, glycogen, cellulose) • Lipids - glycerol and fatty acids - esther linkgaes, non-polar or amphipathic • Membranes, ENERGY (phospholipids, saturated/unsat) • Nucleic Acids - nucleotides (two types - purines, pyrimidines) - phosphodiester linkages - • Info storage/transmittance, energy transmit (ATP< NAD+, FAD) • Proteins - amino acids - peptide bonds • Defense, transport, support, motion, regulation, enzymes • 4 levels • N-C bond, H-bonds, hydro rxns, subunits

  4. Cell Structure • Abiogen • First cells (pro, ana, hetero) ~ 2.5 bya • Endosym theory • All cells have 4 things (DNA, membrane, cytoplasm, ribosome) • Prokary • Cell walls (peptido), flagella, circular DNA, plasmids • Eukary • Endomembrane system • Nucleus, ER(R/S), Golgi, Vesicles (Transport, Lyso, Peroxi) • Double-membrane, DNA containing • Mitochondria, Chloroplast • Cytoskeleton • Microtubules, Intermedfilam, Microfila • 9+2 flagella, cilia

  5. Cell Membranes (plasma, fluid mosaic) • Phospholipid bilayer • Cell surface markers (glycopro, glycolip) • Transmembrane Proteins • Transporters, enzymes, receptors, ID, adhesion, attach to cytoskele • Selective Transport • Diffuse through channels (ion-gated), facilitated • Osmosis aquaporins (hyper, hypo, iso) • Pressure, balance (extrusion, isoreg/conform) • Endo/exo (phago, pino, receptor-mediated) • Active transport • Na+/K+ (3 out, 2 in, maintains electrochem for nerves) • G proteins send messages (cAMP) • Cascades • Junctions • Tight, anchoring, communicating (gap, plasmodes)

  6. Energy transfer • Light - organic - ATP* • Redox • Anabolic, catabolic • Req enzymes • Proteins*, active site, induced fit • Influenced by: temp, pH, salinity, concentration, inhibitors (compet/alloster), activators • Cofactors (non-proteins) • Regulated

  7. Harvesting Energy - Step One (-synthesis) • Photo or chemo (building = endergonic) • Chloroplast -- Outer memb, Inner mem, granum (stacks of thylakoid), stroma filling • Light rxns - capture energy - thyla membrane, space • Surface of thyla has photosystems (II and I) • (ETC) -- Energy received, split water, e- excited, e- transferred (loose energy when pumping H+), energy received, e- transferred to NADP • H+ accumulate in thylakoid space, down electro to make ATP • Light-indep - fix carbon, stroma • Energy from ATP, reducing power from NADPH • Rubisco enzyme fixes CO2 to RuBP (every 3 cycles produces 1 G3P which can be used to build glucose, etc • When CO2 is low, O2 will bind, breaking down RuBP • Stomata was closed to prevent water loss, limits gas exchange • Use PEP carboxylase instead • C4 in bundle sheath vsmsophyll • CAM in PM vs AM

  8. Harvesting Energy - Step Two • Breakdown = exergonic -- ALL CELLS • Aerobic vs*. anaero • Glycolysis (anero) - cytoplasm • 10 rxns that breakdown/rearrange glucose into pyruvate (reqs ATP, produces substrate-level ATP, produces NADH) • Phosphofructokinase = regulating enzyme • Recycling NADH needs Final e- acceptor - oxygen, lactic acid, alcohol • Oxidation of Pyruvate (lose e-) - Intermemb space • Pyruvatedehydrogenase = regulating enzyme, CO2 produced, NADH produced, forms Acetyl coA (used lots) • Kreb’s/Citric Acid Cycle - matrix • remove CO2 and store e- in NAD+ (2x), store e- in FAD, make ATP • ETC - matrix and intermembrane space • NADH and FADH2accum in matrix • Drop off e- at transm proteins, transfer uses energy to pump H+ into intermem space • FADH2 2nd • Chemiosm. Potential -- H+ only pass through ATP synthase • Sugars, proteins, fats!

  9. Cell Cycle • Chromosomes = coiled DNA, chromatin, histones, beads on a string, euchromatin, heterochromatin, Diploid, haploid, homologous, centromere, sister chromatids • 5 phases = G1, S, G2, M, C (G0) • Mitosis has 4 stages (PMAT) • P = condensation, assemble spindle (kinetochore) • M = alignment • A = pushing and pulling • T= reform nucleus • *Cytokin= not mitosis, plants vs animals (fungi all in nucleus) • Impt signals = Cdks at checkpoints • G1/S = external influences (growth factors, nutrition, DNA), irreversible • G2/M = correct DNA replication (mitosis promoting factor) • Metaphase/Spindle = irrerversible, prepares for anaphase • Cancer = uncontrolled cell proliferation • Protein p53 protects DNA from damage or initiates apoptosis • Oncogenes = cancer, proto-onco prevents • Tumor suppressor

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