Cells Review

1. Cells Review

2. Objectivesold material Name the four elements that make up the majority of living matter Identify cell regions Identify organelles and their functions Describe structure of the plasma membrane and various transport processes Describe DNA replication and the process of mitosis Describe the roles of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis Identify cell types and relate structure to function Discuss cell junctions and cell membrane structure

3. Recall the following terms Cell Organelles and cell structures (ribosome, nucleoli, cytoskeleton, cell membrane, mitochondrion, vaculoles, endoplasmic reticulum, chromatin, cytoplasm (cytosol), centrioles, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, microtubules, microfilaments, nucleus) Selective permeability Diffusion (facilitateddiffusion and osmosis) Active transport Passive transport Solute pumping Exocytosis Endocytosis Phagocytosis Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic

4. Eukaryotic cell

6. Cell membrane Proteins =enzymes, receptors for hormones, binding sites, involved in transport functions Glycoproteins= “sugar-proteins” determine blood type, receptors for viruses, bacteria, and toxins, involved in cell communication

7. Cell junctions

9. cytoplasm • Cytoplasm is comprised of three major parts • 1. Cytosol- semitransparent fluid that suspends the other parts (it consists of water and dissolved nutrients and other solutes) • 2. Organelles • 3. Inclusions- non functioning units, chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products. Ex) lipid droplets, glycogen granules, pigments, mucus, and various kinds of crystals

10. Protein transport After protein is synthesized on the ribosome, it migrates into the rough ER, short sugar chain attach to the protien (forming glycoproteins), the protein is packed in a transport vesicle and travels to the Golgi apparatus where its contents are secreted via various pathways

11. “peroxide bodies” • Peroxisomes- membranous sacs that contain powerful oxidase enzymes (found in liver and kidney cells) • peroxisomes use oxygen to detoxify a number of harmful or poisonous substances including alcohol and formaldehyde. • Disarm dangerous free radicals Free radicals- are highly reactive chemical with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of proteins and nucleic acids. Peroxisomes convert free radicals to hydrogen peroxide H2O2 Enzyme catalase then converts excess H2O2 to water

12. Cytoskeleton : microtubules, microfilaments ,intermidatefilalaments, centrioles, cilia, and flagella

13. Cell diversity 1. cells that connect body parts: fibroblasts and erythrocytes 2. cells that cover and line body organs: epithelial 3. cells that move organs and body parts: skeletal muscle and smooth muscle cells 4. cells that store nutrients: fat cells 5. cells that fight disease: macrophages (a phagocytic cell) 6. cells that gather/send information: neuron 7. cells of reproduction: oocyte and sperm (gametes)

14. Cell diversity: structure vs. function

15. Parts of a solution

16. Membrane transport • Passive • Osmosis • Diffusion • Facilitated diffusion

17. Tonicity

18. Active Transport Examples of active trnasport Solute pumping uses ATP to energize its protein carriere (solute pumps) move against concentration or electrical gradients (ex…amino acids, sugars, and ions) Sodium-potassium pump

19. Bulk transport Endocytosis aka phagocytosis “cell eating”/ pinocytosis “cell drinking” Can be receptor mediated Exocytosis “out of the cell”

20. Cell Cycle

21. S Phase DNA replication Semi-conservative replication

22. Mitosis

23. Protein Synthesis Transcription

24. Protein synthesis

25. Protein synthesis Transcription DNAmRNA DNA mRNA In Nucleus CAT GUA Tripletcodon Translation In Ribosome mRNA tRNA amino acids polypeptide phenotype Codonanticodon monomer protein trait mRNA tRNA GUA  CAU