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Role of Women in the 19 th & early 20 th centuries. Images and thoughts about 19th c. women.
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"In late nineteenth century American paintings, women are signifiers of leisure; they have past times, not occupations. They are shown performing nonessential functions, sewing, reading, enjoying the sun, or even passively engaged in 'reverie'."
"The foundation of our national characteris laid by the mothers of the nation."
"About every true mother there is a sanctity of martyrdom-and when she is no more in the body, her children see her with the ring of light around her head."Godey's Lady's Book, 1867
She rose to His Requirement-droptThe Playthings of Her LifeTo take the honourable workof Woman, and of Wife-Emily Dickinson
"Whatever have been the cares of the day, greet your husband with a smile when he returns. Make your personal appearance just as beautiful as possible. Let him enter rooms so attractive and sunny that all the recollections of his home, when away from the same, shall attract him back." Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms, 1888
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Efficiency in housekeeping is measured by a threefold standard- 1st- the smoothness and precision with which the house runs 2nd- the nutritious effect of the food served to the family and the healthfulness of the home 3rd- practical economy of the household budget
It is the wife's responsibility to provide her husband "a happy home... the single spot of rest which a man has upon this earth for the cultivation of his noblest sensibilities." The Household, 1882
Society thoughts in regards to women • Mother • Housekeeper • Wife • Female-centered domesticity • Keeper of values • No need to vote
Women like Kate ChopinAnd Charlotte PerkinsGilman see this as trapping
The majority of readers in the nineteenth century were women. • Throughout the nineteenth century, domesticity was romanticized in literature, particularly in literature by women • New “Feminist” Literature presented women with choices about what roles they wished to play in American society.
Chopin and Perkins Gilman presented women with options that were drastically different from the ones presented in popular advice literature and art. • While neither “The Story of an Hour” nor “The Yellow-Wallpaper” have happy endings, they at least presented an alternative representation of women and of women's realities.
As we read these two stories, keep track of people’s thoughts about women and options women had for finding freedom
Personal reflection What would you be willing to do to obtain the freedom and identity you want? Have you ever felt trapped by another person?