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1945 and Beyond

1945 and Beyond. Part 2. The Cold War. U. S. and USSR mutual distrust Both trying to spread ideology Sell-out at Yalta Archangel Russia not invited to Versailles Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech: Highlighted the restriction of movement of people and ideas between the East the West.

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1945 and Beyond

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  1. 1945 and Beyond Part 2

  2. The Cold War • U. S. and USSR mutual distrust • Both trying to spread ideology • Sell-out at Yalta • Archangel • Russia not invited to Versailles • Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech: Highlighted the restriction of movement of people and ideas between the East the West

  3. U.S. Policy of Containment • U.S. could not eradicate communism • BUT we COULD prevent its spread • George Kennan: U.S. expert on the Soviet Union wrote an anonymous article in Foreign Affairs magazine outlining the necessity of policy of containment and including suggestions. Truman and Sec. of State Marshall impressed

  4. The Truman Doctrine • The U.S. would come to the aid of free peoples requesting assistance from communist aggression • 1947 Soviets threatened Greece and Turkey. • Wanted a foothold in the Mediterranean • The U.S. sent aid and the Soviets went away

  5. Containment • Germany divided up among France, Brits, U.S. and Russia • Br., Fr. and U.S. combined their sectors into the FRG (Federal Republic of Germany) • Russian sector = GDR (German Democratic Republic) and bled reparations from East Germany • Berlin located in Russian sector • But divided the same way

  6. Berlin • Tons of East Germans- especially in Berlin- fled to the western sectors • Generally the best and the brightest • Russian sector losing 200+ daily • Stalin blocked the roads from West Berlin to West Germany to force western influence out

  7. Berlin Air Lift • U.S. would not allow communism to spread to West Berlin • For 11 months…Berlin Airlift • Sent 4,000 tons of food, medicine, coal for heat daily…over 277,000 flights • After 11 months, Stalin gave up and opened roads

  8. Yugoslavia • 1948 Tito broke with the Soviet Union and established independent communist government • Soviets allowed this to happen because the Yugoslavs defeated the Nazis without Russian help

  9. Cold War Legislation • 1948 New Military Draft • 1946 Atomic Energy Commission • National Security Act: • Department of Defense: to coordinate all branches of the military • National Security Council: to advise the President on policy • CIA: collected info (overtly and covertly) to aid political and military operations. Spies everywhere

  10. The Marshall Plan • To prevent the spread of Communism to Western Europe • Economies, infrastructure in shambles • American cigarettes were currency in Britain after WWII • Electricity on only 3 hours daily • A real fear that Communists would take over governments

  11. The Marshall Plan • The U.S. sent Billions to rebuild Europe • By 1950 European industrial production up 64% • Called an economic miracle • No strings attached (we needed them to buy our stuff for the sake of OUR economy) • Offer was extended to Soviets and the Eastern Bloc but offer was refused

  12. NATO 1949 • North Atlantic Treaty Organization • NOTE: First peacetime military alliance for U.S. ever • An attack on one = an attack on all • 12 nations at first: U.S., Canada +European democracies (England, France, W. Germany, Etc.) • All agreed to build military strength • Eisenhower first head of NATO forces

  13. Latin America • OAS (Organization of American States) • To provide for mutual protection from aggression from within or outside of Western Hemisphere • Formal meetings every 5 years • More often during times of crisis

  14. In the East • Communists took China, North Korea and some of SE Asia • The Philippines: independence July 4, 1946 • When U.S. left, Philippines were threatened by a terrorist communist group: Hukbalahaps • U.S. went back to prevent the spread of communism (containment)

  15. Japan • Brief occupation by U.S. after WWII (to 1951) • MacArthur in charge • Some tried for war crimes • Abolition of secret police • Emperor to remain as symbol • Democracy taught in schools • Land redivided • Women’s suffrage

  16. China • Japanese gone but after WWII Civil War • Chiang Kai-shek (nationalists) v Mao Zedong (communists) • The U.S. continued to send everything but troops • 1949 Chiang chased off of mainland to Taiwan • China had fallen to communists • Containment failed here

  17. Korean War 1950-1953 • Korea was promised its independence at the Cairo Conference during the war • But until ready to rule itself it was to be temporarily occupied • North Korea supported by Soviet Union • South Korea (leader Syngman Rhee) supported by the U.S.

  18. Korea • By 1947 Russians refused to allow UN representatives north of the 38th // • So, UN said that government of South Korea under leadership of Rhee was the lawful government (1948) • In 1949 U.S. left • In 1950 North Korean troops with support from Soviets invaded South Korea

  19. Korean War 1950-53 • UN charged North Korea with breach of peace • UN authorized U.S. to send troops to reclaim territory to the 38th // (a limited war) • MacArthur landed well north of 38th // along Yalu River (separating N. Korea from China) • Chinese troops poured in and pushed MacArthur forces back to 38th //

  20. Korea • MacArthur wanted to bomb Chinese bases • UN and Truman wanted limited war • MacArthur too public with disagreement so he was recalled by Truman • U.S. divided between MacArthur and Truman • McCarthy sided with MacArthur • MacArthur come home a hero. Said,”Old soldiers never die; they just fade away…”

  21. The United Nations • Secretariat • Security Council 5 permanent members: U.S., Soviet Union, Brits, France, Nationalist China • General Assembly • The U.S. undermined the authority of the UN with the Connally Amendment: the U.S. would decide for itself regarding jurisdiction of the World Court

  22. Trouble in the Middle East • Brits had a mandate over Palestine • Had promised Arabs an independent Arab State someday in Palestine • Made the Same promise to Jews • Brits believed that the area was big enough to support both • Palestinians rejected the 2-state plan. • So, when British left, only a Jewish state: Israel

  23. The Middle East • Arabs appealed to the UN • UN offered the same 2-state plan Britain did • The U.S. recognized the legitimacy of Israel right away • 3 Arab nations attacked Israel in 1948 • Israel won • Palestinians fled, formed PLO • Trouble ever since

  24. India • Brits ready to give India independence • Muslims in India wanted their own independent state • Pakistan was formed for the Muslims and India for the Hindus • The Brits left and war broke out between Hindus and Muslims…trouble ever since

  25. Election of 1952 • Republicans: Eisenhower…war hero big deal • Democrats: Adlai Stephenson Gov Ill. & Catholic • Eisenhower 442 (I like Ike) • Stephenson 89 • Election of 1956 same people and same result

  26. The Affluent Society • Economy booming…consumer driven • GNP grew by 250% between 1946-1960 • Unemployment to 5% • Prosperity due to: government spending, schools, housing, veteran benefits, highways, military spending

  27. The Economy in the 50’s • Eisenhower was Laissez-Faire • Said, “What is good for General Motors is good for the country.” • REMEMBER Harding and Coolidge were laissez-faire • Coolidge said, “The business of America is business

  28. The Economy • Technology: IBM & Harvard the Mark I • Computers were used to crack codes during the war…now used by government and really big business • Baby boom began during war • Demand for housing • = Levitt Towns ( 3-Bdrm ranches went up quick) all looked alike

  29. Keynesian Economics • The belief that prosperity could continue indefinitely • It depended entirely on varying government spending and managing the supply of $ in the economy • Belief turned out to be wrong later

  30. Modern Republicans • Ike and others accepted New Deal reforms (will not try to undo Social Security) but opposed further reforms of this nature • Eisenhower was a MODERATE in terms of Civil Rights. He was more concerned with fighting communism and continued the Policy of Containment

  31. Big Business and Big Unions • 1950’s over 4,000 corporate mergers • Death of the family farm…now commercial farms • Soil Bank Program: continued to pay farmers to take land out of production • 1955 CIO merged with AFL = AFL-CIO • George Meany first president

  32. The Teamsters • David Beck President • Big unions sometimes meant big corruption • Beck charged with misappropriation of $2 million (union Funds) • Was replaced with Jimmy Hoffa (Seen him?) • United Mine Workers Union: scandals, violence • Much anti-union feeling in the South • BUT Big business giving perks: COLA, paid vacations, etc.

  33. The 50’s • Consumer goods and credit available • Variety of products • Big advertizing = new demand • Dishwashers, hifis, flashy cars, TVs, Stereos, paperback revolution, hula hoops, Disney entertainment

  34. The 50’s • By 1960 1/3 Americans living in the suburbs • Conformity important • Big cultural emphasis on family life • TV reflected and drove this • Moms stayed home • Culture discouraged working moms • Lowest level for Women’s movement

  35. 50’s Culture • The family was child-centered • Dr. Spock Baby and Child Care • Frustrated women to PTA, Red Cross, March of Dimes…Prozac…impact of Freudian psychology • TV: 1946…17,000 sets in U.S. 1957….40 million Have Americans lost the ability to entertain themselves?

  36. 50’s culture • New Music…Rock and Roll (Elvis is King) • New Writers: The Beats (Beatniks) Big social critics Belief than man and his self-worth swallowed up by bureaucracy Salinger: Catcher in the Rye Jack Kerouac: On the Road Ginsberg: Howl (Long poem, came out of the closet, praised drugs, coined “Flower Power” Galbraith: The Affluent Society: our prosperity is causing us to ignore our social problems (not a beat)

  37. Science • Fascination with new weapons • Medical advances: 1955 polio vaccine (Salk) also vaccines for diphtheria, TB, 40’s antibiotics = life expectancy went way up • Space Race: 1957 Russia launched Sputnik • America was embarrassed and challenged the Soviets

  38. The Space Race • Soviet success in space inspired better education in the U.S. • The National Defense Education Act 1958 • Federal $ for more math, science, improvements in university curriculum • Education & specialized training = the way up • Space Cosmonaut Yuri Gargarin: first in space and to orbit the earth

  39. Space • 1961 Alan Shepard: first American in Space • 1962 John Glen first American to orbit earth • 1969 Neil Armstrong and Ed Aldrin first men to walk on the moon • Funding cut • Late 70’s NASA developed the space shuttle

  40. Terms for this section • Iron Curtain Korean War • Containment United Nations • Marshall Plan Connally Amendment • Truman Doctrine Israel • Berlin Airlift India • National Security Act Levitt Towns • NATO The Beats • MacArthur AFL-CIO • Mao Zedong Galbraith

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