Goal 2.02: Cell Structure and Functions

1. Goal 2.02: Cell Structure and Functions Discovery Lab: Light Microscopes, Cells and Magnification http://www.simpletruths.tv/store/movies.php?movie=tssc

2. Types of Cells bacteriacells Prokaryote - no organelles plant cells animal cells Eukaryotes - Have membrane bound organelles What differences can you see between these cells?

3. Animal cell Bacterial cell Cell size comparison most bacteria • 1-10 microns eukaryotic cells • 10-100 microns Viruses are smaller than bacteria and they are NOTALIVE! • micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter • diameter of human hair = ~20 microns

4. The Cell Theory • All living things are made of cells. • New cells come from cells. • Cells are the basic units of structure and function of living things. • May the CODE be with you! • 1. ALTMC • 2. NCFC • 3. CBUSFLT Quiz Time! Cell Theory, Roots and Cell Type

5. Cell Quiz 01 1. What type of cell is shown below? (Plant or Animal)

6. Cell Quiz 01 2. What type of cell is shown below? (Eukaryote or Prokaryote)

7. Cell Quiz 01 • What type of cell is shown below? • (Plant, Animal or Bacteria)

8. Cell Quiz 01 Write out the Three Points of the Cell Theory. 4. _____________________________________________ 5. _____________________________________________ 6. _____________________________________________

9. Cell Quiz 01 • 7. What part of the cell theory provides evidence to the concept of Unity among living things? • 8. What part of the cell theory provides a mechanism for the evolution of organisms? • What part of the cell theory supports the concept of the organization of all living things? • List the following from largest to smallest: • prokaryotic cell, virus, eukaryotic cell

10. Organelles = membrane bound structures inside a cell that perform specific functions required by the cell. Model Animal Cell

11. phosphate“head” Cell MEMBRANE • Structure • double layer of fat • phospholipid bilayer • Proteins • receptor molecules • transport molecules lipid “tail”

12. Cell MEMBRANE (cont.) • FUNCTIONS of the Cell Membrane: • Separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment. • Transport proteins control what enters and leaves the cell. • Receptor proteins communicate between cells and with anything in the environment.

13. Cell Communication Some cells can send signals to other cells. Ex. Nerve cells sending chemical signals, called impulses to other nerve cells. This is how your brain tells your finger that it has touched a hot stove!

14. Ex. Plant hormones stimulate the growth and death of plant cells. Auxin: responsible for the growth pattern of plants toward sunlight Gibberellins tell the plant embryo to cease being dormant and germinate. Cytokinins promote cell division and differentiation.

15. Cytoplasm= jelly-like filling that holds organelles Centrioles = used in cell division and replication Surface Area: Volume Lab http://www.biologyjunction.com/cell_size.htm

16. central vacuole contractilevacuoles food vacuoles Vacuoles & Vesicles animal cells plant cells

17. Lysosomes • Structure • membrane sac of digestive enzymes • Function • digest food • clean up & recycle • digest broken organelles small foodparticle lysosomes digesting brokenorganelles vacuole digesting food

18. Mitochondria • Structure • double membrane • Function • make ATP energy • cellular respiration • sugar + O2 ATP • fuels the work of life ATP in BOTH animal & plant cells

19. Plants make energy two ways! ATP • Mitochondria • make energy from sugar + O2 • cellular respiration • sugar + O2  ATP • Chloroplasts • make energy + sugar from sunlight • photosynthesis • sunlight + CO2 ATP & sugar • ATP = active energy • sugar = stored energy • build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars ATP sugar

20. mitochondria Chloroplast/plastid Chloroplasts are only in plant cells. Mitochondria are in both cells! animal cells plant cells

21. When things go bad… • Diseases of lysosomes are fatal • digestive enzyme not working in lysosome • picks up food, but can’t digest it • lysosomes fill up with undigested material • grow larger & larger until disrupts cell & organ function • example:Tay-Sachs diseasebuild up undigested fat in brain cells Tay Sachs Disease http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.gen.onewrong/

22. But sometimes cells need to die… • Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when they are supposed to be destroyed • some cells need to die as a part of normal development in an organism • “auto-destruct” process • lysosomes break open and kill cell • cell “suicide”

23. Example 1 of necessary Lysosome work: Tadpoles must re-absorb their tails when becoming a frog.

24. Example 2 of necessary Lysosome work: During human fetal development cells must be destroyed to separate fingers and toes. syndactyly 6 weeks 15 weeks

25. Where is the nucleus in a bacterial cell? Nucleus • Function • control center of cell • protects DNA • instructions for building proteins • Structure • nuclear membrane • nucleolus • ribosome factory • chromosomes • DNA

26. Ribosomes • Function • protein factories • read instructions to build proteins from DNA • Structure • 2 subunits • some free in cytoplasm • some attached to ER Ribosomes on ER largesubunit smallsubunit

27. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Function • part of protein factory • helps complete the proteins • makes membranes • Structure • rough ER • ribosomes attached • works on proteins • smooth ER • makes membranes

28. cytoplasm jelly-like material holding organelles in place lysosome food digestion garbage disposal &recycling vacuole & vesicles transport inside cells storage nucleus protects DNA controls cell ribosomes builds proteins mitochondria make ATP energy from sugar + O2 cell membrane cell boundary controls movementof materials in & out recognizes signals ER helps finish proteins makes membranes

29. Golgi Apparatus • Function • finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins • like UPS headquarters • shipping & receiving department • ships proteins in vesicles • “UPS trucks” • Structure • membrane sacs vesicles carrying proteins transport vesicles

30. TO: TO: TO: endoplasmicreticulum nucleus proteinon its way! DNA RNA vesicle vesicle ribosomes TO: protein finishedprotein Golgi apparatus Making Proteins

31. Animal Cell

32. Plant Cell

33. Cell Specialization In unicellular organisms, cells are not specialized. One cells does all. In multicellular organisms, cells become specialized with different types of cells performing different functions for the organism. You can dissolve an embryonic heart into its individual cell types with trypsin, an enzyme that destroys the protein glue between the cells. Plate these cells in a dish and you will see some cells - called myocytes - that beat independently. A single cell beats when a complex series of gates – called ion channels - open and close in an organized manner. The cells shown here are from the chick embryo.

34. As long as the beating cells do not touch one another, their beats are independent - some are faster, some are slower. But after two or three days, the myocytes form interconnected sheets of cells (monolayers, shown right) that beat in unison. Pores (gap junctions) open between adjacent touching cells, making their cytoplasms interconnected. It is these gap junctions that ensure that the connected cells work as one. If the cells of the adult don't beat in unison, heart arrythmias can occur. Electronic pacemakers may sometimes be used in a patient whose heart doesn't beat in rhythm.

35. Cell Structures Quiz Tomorrow! Be prepared to identify structures in both plant and animal cells And Describe the function of each structure.

36. 1. What kind of cell is this? 2 3 4 5 10 9 8 7 6

37. 11. What kind of cell is this? 13 12 14 23 15 16 17 18 22 19 20 21

38. Extra Credit Opportunity! • Create a model of either an animal cell or a plant cell that includes all of the structures we have discussed and indicates the function of each of the structures. • Must be turned in no later than 1 week prior to the end of the current six weeks grading period.