Chapters 9 & 10

1. Chapters 9 & 10 9 - Launching a New Republic 10 - Jefferson Era

2. THINK about it… • Under the new Constitution, we have a President • What kind of person would you choose to help you govern? • What challenges might you have in being the first President?

3. George Washington takes office • 1789 – the electoral college selected George Washington as President • John Adams got the second most votes = Vice President • April 30, 1789 – George Washington was inaugurated – sworn inas president

4. Setting up the courts • Federal Judiciary Act - gave Supreme Court 6 members • Over time, that number has grown to 9 • An odd number prevents a tie if they vote

5. Washington’s cabinet • cabinet - heads of departments who help the President lead the nation • Washington had 3 men in his cabinet: • Secretary of State – foreign interests • Secretary of War - defense • Secretary of the Treasury - $$

6. Secretary of State • Thomas Jefferson • In charge of foreign interests

7. Secretary of War • Henry Knox • In charge of defense

8. Secretary of the Treasury • Alexander Hamilton • In charge of the Nation’s finances

9. The new nation’s economy • Alexander Hamilton was appointed secretary of the Treasury • The nation was in debt. They borrowed money from other countries for the war. • Hamilton’s Financial Plan • Pay off war debts • Raise government revenue • Create a national bank

10. Paying off debt – how? • Hamilton’s idea to pay off the national debt was withtariffs – a tax on imported goods. • Tariffs serve 2 purposes: • Raise money for the government • Encourage growth of American industry

11. Create a national bank • Why a national bank? • Give the government a safe place to keep money • Make loans to business and government • Issue paper money

12. How does a bank work?

13. How does a bank work?

14. Jefferson vs. Hamilton • Jefferson & Hamilton had disagreements about the Constitution

15. Whiskey Rebellion • Hamilton put a tax on whiskey • Farmers were upset because whiskey and the grain it was made from were important products • The Whiskey Rebellion – a group of farmers rebelled against the tax • Washington sent armies to end the rebellion – this showed the government had power

16. French Revolution • In France, the French began a revolution (similar to the American Revolution) • France helped us in our revolution – do we help them? • NO – we remain neutral – do not choose sides

17. Washington Retires • George Washington gave a farewell address when he retired from office. • The address had 3 important points: • Avoid debt • Stay out of foreign affairs (neutral) • Do not form political parties

18. Political Parties form • Americans were divided over how the nation should be run • political party – a group of people that try to promote ideas & influence government • Jefferson & Madison = Democratic-Republican Party • Hamilton = Federalist Party

19. Next election • Federalists choose John Adams • Democratic-Republicans choose Thomas Jefferson • Adams becomes 2nd President • Jefferson becomes Vice President (2nd most votes) • They were rivals

20. Alien & Sedition Acts • Congress passed theAlien Act – President can expel any person thought to be a threat (targeted immigrants) • Sedition Act – anyone who criticizes government can be jailed or fined both were UNCONSTITUTIONAL

21. Election of 1800 • Federalists choose John Adams • Democratic-Republicans choose Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr • There was a tie between Jefferson and Burr • The House of Representatives voted and broke the tie • Thomas Jefferson won the tie and became the 3rd President

22. Burr vs. Hamilton

23. Duel • The most famous duel in American history, the Burr-Hamilton duel arose from a long-standing political and personal rivalry that had developed between both men over a course of several years.

24. July 11, 1804

26. Thomas Jefferson • Jefferson wanted Americans to have a common way of life • Wanted a nation of small farmers

27. Marbury v. Madison • Former President John Adams appointed William Marbury as a Justice of the peace. • Secretary of State James Madison was supposed to install Marbury in his job • Madison refused • Marbury sued Madison • Marbury v. Madison became the famous court case

28. Judicial Review • Supreme court said the law Marbury sued under was unconstitutional– it contradicted the law of the Constitution • Established judicial review– the supreme court has the final decision in interpreting the Constitution Chief Justice John Marshall

29. The West in 1800 • The Mississippi River was the western border of the United States in 1800

30. Napoleon & Louisiana • Jefferson wanted the port of New Orleans in Louisiana • Farmers and merchants use the port to move goods • Jefferson offered to buy Louisiana from Napoleon – France’s leader • Why sell? Napoleon needed money after war in France

31. Louisiana Purchase • Jefferson bought Louisiana Purchase from France for $15 million • Purchased doubled the size of the United States

32. Louisiana Purchase Doubled the size

33. Lewis & Clark • Meriwether Lewis & William Clark explored the new land called the Louisiana Purchase • Became known asLewis and Clark expedition

34. Sacagawea • 17-year-oldIndian Sacagawea went with Lewis & Clark • She used her skills and knowledge of geography • She was useful when encountering Indians

35. Lewis & Clark • Their goal was to reach the Pacific Ocean

36. Lewis and Clark Expedition • President Jefferson commissioned • Search for water route across continent • Chart geography of the west • Strengthen claims to western territories "take notice of the country you pass through, it's general face, soil, river, mountains, it's productions animal, vegetable, & mineral so far as they may be new to us & also be useful; the latitudes of places...; the names, numbers, & dwellings of the inhabitants, and such particularities as you can learn of them."

37. Lewis and Clark Expedition • Their journal entries were full of wonder at things they saw for the first time. Lewis saw huge herds “of Buffaloe, Elk, deer, and Antelopes feeding in one common and boundless pasture.” • They also described the many dangers of the journey, including sickness and conflicts with American Indians.

38. Lewis and Clark Expedition • They also described natural hazards, such as high mountains, raging rivers, and terrible storms. • They were the first known European’s to cross the Rocky Mountains. • On Nov. 7, 1805, Clark saw the Pacific Ocean. • “Ocean in view! O! the joy.”

40. Lewis and Clark Expedition • The expedition did not find a river route to the Pacific. • Yet they learned much about the West and paths across the Rockies. • They established contact with American Indian groups, and collected valuable scientific information on western lands and animals.

41. 1. Who claimed the Louisiana Purchase by 1800? France

42. 2. Americans were afraid because France would have control of what major waterway? Mississippi River

43. 3. What did America use the Mississippi River for? To send goods to France

44. 4. What leader did the Americans meet with to buy the Louisiana Purchase? Napoleon

45. 5. Why did Napoleon sell Louisiana? • He did not have troops to defend the area • He needed money

46. 6. What year did America make the Louisiana Purchase? 1803

47. 7. How much did we pay for the Louisiana Purchase? $15 million

48. 8. What President made the Louisiana Purchase? Thomas Jefferson

49. 9. What did the Louisiana Purchase do to the size of the United States? Doubled the size of the United States

50. Foreign Nations • Jefferson tried not to get involved with other countries • British began interfering with U.S. shipping by impressment– kidnapping American sailors to work on British ships. • What would Jefferson do?