What is popular culture?

1. Q1 • What is popular culture?

2. Refers to cultural products produced for sale to the mass of ordinary people. These involve mass produced standardized short-lived products of no lasting value

3. Q2 • What is folk culture?

4. Refers to the culture created by local communities and is rooted in the experiences, customs and beliefs of ordinary people

5. Q3 • What is a subculture?

6. Is a smaller culture held by a group of people within the main culture of society which is in some ways different from the main culture but with many aspects in common. Examples include CHAVS etc

7. Q4 • What are the four different types of identity?

8. Individual or personal identity • Social identity • Collective identity • Multiple identity

9. Q5 • What is a stigmatised identity?

10. Refers to an identity that is in some way undesirable or demeaning and excludes people from full acceptance in society

11. Q6 • What is primary socialisation?

12. Refers to the taught values and norms of society which construct a individual’s identity and is carried out by family members such as parents

13. Q7 • What is secondary socialisation?

14. Refers to the socialisation which takes place outside the family and occurs instead in schools, media, friends and religious institutions

15. Q8 • What is global culture?

16. Refers to the way cultures in different societies in different countries of the world have been increasingly alike

17. Q9 • Identify the 5 distinct areas of secondary socialisation

18. The education system • Peer group • Workplace • The mass media • Religious institutions

19. Q10 • What does Jenkins (1996) argue about the socialisation and the social construction of self and identity?

20. Jenkins argues that identities are formed in the socialisation process

21. Q11 • What are structural approaches?

22. Structural approaches see identities as formed by the wider social forces making up the structure of society.

23. Q12 • Identify three structural approaches

24. Functionalism, feminism & Marxism

25. Q13 • What are social action approaches?

26. Social action approaches see individuals having control over the formation of their identities, rather than identities being formed by the social structures

27. Q14 • How does Mead see the identities of individuals?

28. Mead sees the identities of individuals as being in a state of flux. This is because they are changing and developing all the time as they go through daily life.

29. Q15 • What did Goffman mean by ‘impression management’?

30. Goffman argues people try to project a particular impressions of themselves. They do this by putting on dramatic performances or ‘shows’ in order to influence or manipulate the way others see them.

31. Q16 • Identify one criticism of structural approaches and one criticism of social action approaches

32. Criticisms of structural approaches fail to recognise: free will; choice; challenges; disobedience • Criticisms of social action approaches include: not enough emphasis is placed on power inequalities; power of social institutions; social etiquette; need to work/earn money;

33. Q17 • What is structuration?

34. Structuration sees the social structure and society’s culture making it possible for individuals to form their identities. It recognises that while identities are partly formed by individual choice, that choice is limited by the social structure and the culture in which people live.

35. Q18 • What does Bourdieu mean by ‘habitus’?

36. Habitus is the cultural possessed by a social class, into which people are socialized, which influences their cultural choices and tastes

37. Q19 • What does Bourdieu mean by cultural capital?

38. Cultural capital is the education, knowledge, language, attitudes and values possessed by the upper and upper middle-class

39. Q20 • Identify one key aspect of the new working-class

40. Q20 • Home-centred lifestyle, with no involvement with neighbours and wider community • Work is for making money not friends or identity • No loyalty to their class • Women more likely to be in paid employment

41. Q21 • What type of approach is Cooley’s? • What did he mean by the concept of ‘looking-glass self’? • 1 mark for each point

42. Answer • Social action approach • The ‘looking-glass self’ is the idea that our image of ourselves is reflected back to us (like a mirror) in the view of others

43. Question • What type of approach is feminism? • What might feminists argue shapes our identities? • 1 mark for each point

44. Answer • Structural • Our identities are shaped by wider social forces such as socialisation which then form our identities. Consequently the individual has little control over how their identities are formed

45. Question • What term did Bourdieu come up with when referring to the cultural framework and set of ideas possessed by a social class, into which people are socialised, initially by their families and which ultimately influence their cultural tastes and choices? • 2 marks

46. Answer • Habitus

47. Question • According to Bourdieu which has the greater cultural capital, low or high culture? And which social group tends to have it? • 1 mark for each point

48. Answer • High culture • Dominant or ruling-class

49. Question • Future time orientation and deferred gratification are two ideas which separate the middle-class from the working-class. • What are future time orientation and deferred gratification? • Which of the two social-class identified in the question have the above?

50. Answer • Planning for the future • Putting off today’s pleasures for tomorrow’s gains • Middle-class