Insights into Medical Microbiology Evolution | Discovering Microbial Diversity and Disease Relations

2. İ.Ü. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Mikrobiyoloji ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı Prof Dr Ömer Küçükbasmacı

3. Introduction to Medical Microbiology • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus • H5N1 avian influenza A virus • Microbial classification sophisticated

4. Introduction to Medical Microbiology • Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674 • a world of millions of tiny "animalcules • Danish biologist Otto Müller • genera and species according to the classification methods of Carolus Linnaeus • 1840 the German pathologist Friedrich Henle

5. Introduction to Medical Microbiology • Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur • Anthrax, rabies, plague, cholera, and tuberculosis • Paul Ehrlich 1910 “salvarsan” • Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin in 1928

6. Introduction to Medical Microbiology • Gerhard Domagk's discovery of sulfanilamide in 1935 • Selman Waksman's discovery of streptomycin in 1943

7. Introduction to Medical Microbiology • Viruses • The smallest infectious particles • Diameter from 18 to nearly 300 nanometers • Twenty-five families with more than 1550 species of viruses • More than 40 genera implicated in human disease

8. Introduction to Medical Microbiology • either DNA or RNA • true parasites • rapid replication and destruction of the cell • a long-term chronic relationship

9. Introduction to Medical Microbiology • Relatively simple • Prokaryotic • Cell wall: gram-negative or positive

10. Introduction to Medical Microbiology • Fungi • eukaryotic organisms • a well-defined nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and endoplasmic reticulum • either in a unicellular form (yeast) that can replicate asexually • a filamentous form (mold) that can replicate asexually and sexually

11. Introduction to Medical Microbiology • Parasites are the most complex microbes • eukaryotic • unicellular and others are multicellular • range in size from tiny protozoa as small as 1 to 2 μm in diameter (the size of many bacteria) to arthropods and tapeworms that can measure up to 10 meters in length • Their life cycles are equally complex

14. Introduction to Medical Microbiology • Relationship between many organisms and their diseases is not simple • Treponema pallidum, syphilis; poliovirus, polio; Plasmodium species, malaria • Staphylococcus aureus-endocarditis, pneumonia, wound infections, food poisoning • Meningitis caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites

15. Introduction to Medical Microbiology • Strict pathogens, rabies virus, Bacillus anthracis, Sporothrix schenckii, Plasmodium species • exogenous infections and examples include diseases caused by influenza virus, Clostridium tetani, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Coccidioides immitis, and Entamoeba histolytica

16. Introduction to Medical Microbiology • person's own microbial flora that spread to inappropriate body sites where disease can ensue (endogenous infections). • The interaction between an organism and the human host is complex • The virulence of the organism • The site of exposure • The host's ability to respond to the organism determine the outcome of this interaction

17. Introduction to Medical Microbiology • Quality of the specimen • The way its sent • The method used • The interpretation

18. Koch's postulates are: • The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy animals. • The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture • The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism. • The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.