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The Causes of the Civil War: Analysis and Controversies”

Explore the pivotal events, debates, and tensions leading to the Civil War in the United States, from the Missouri Compromise to Bleeding Kansas and the impact of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Understand the complex dynamics of sectionalism and slavery expansion during this critical period.

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The Causes of the Civil War: Analysis and Controversies”

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  1. Preview (left side) • Answer this question in your notebook: If you are involved in a serious argument in which something important is at stake, is it better to compromise with or confront your opponent? Explain your reasoning.

  2. Unit 3: Growth of & Challenges to Am. Ideals Ch. 9: A Dividing Nation Essential ?: Was the Civil War Inevitable?

  3. Objectives • Students will investigate the Essential Question: Was the Civil War inevitable? • Read & analyze primary sources related to a series of events from 1850 to 1861 & decide whether they show a spirit of compromise or of conflict. • Sequence & describe key events leading up to the Civil War on a timeline. • Learn & use the Key Content Terms for this chapter.

  4. Volunteer to Read 9.1 (pg. 105) • North vs. South battles even in the Senate… • The following are events that helped lead to the Civil War…

  5. 9.2 Sectional Differences Divide Union • Ohio River – served as boundary b/w north & south • Northwest Ordinance: lands north of Ohio River = Free  South = Slaves allowable • In 1819 Slave vs. Free states are = @ 11 each • Heated discussions begin when Missouri applies for admission as a slave state • Why would this be such an issue? • By 1820 Maine had applied for admission as a free state • Speaker of House, Henry Clay, proposed Missouri Compromise • Missouri = slave state • Maine = free state • Divides Louisiana territory @ 36* 30’ (see pg. 106) • North = free • South = slavery permitted

  6. Increased Sectionalism (1800 – 1860) • Definition? • Strong attachment to regional interests • North = urban (increasingly industrial) • Economy on manufactured goods  workshops, factories, mills • South = rural (agriculture) • Economy on exporting of agricultural goods • Hence the continued need for slaves

  7. Slavery (1850 – 1856) • When does slavery officially end in the U.S.? • 1865 w/ 13th Amendment • Free-Soil position • Acceptance of slavery where it has been, but object to expanding into new territory • Underground RR • Harriet Tubman  famous conductor • 19 rescue trips in 1850s never lost a fugitive slave • Slaves as property (discussed w/ Dred Scott) • ** Show Underground RR video

  8. Video Guide 1. Slavery was sometimes referred to as _______. 2. What was the United States’ most valuable export in 1840? 3. What was the name of William Lloyd Garrison’s abolitionist newspaper? 4. Who was the leader of the slave rebellion that sent shockwaves throughout the Southern plantations in 1831? 5. According to the law at the time, for what crime could runaway slaves be punished? 6. Who was Thomas Garrett? 7. What punishment did Thomas Garrett receive for helping the Hawkins family? 8. Why did the second federal Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 anger white Northerners? 9. How did Henry “Box” Brown receive his nickname? 10. Who wrote and published the first comprehensive history of the Underground Railroad?

  9. Slavery (1850 – 1856) • Wilmot Proviso • President Polk needed Congress to work out funds to buy CA from Mexico • David Wilmot (rep from PA) created amendment to the bill • Banned slavery from territory U.S. might acquire • Passed H of R but blocked in Senate • Popular Sovereignty (rule by people) • Moderates proposed that new territories be given opportunity to decide whether slave state or free

  10. Compromise of 1850 • Henry Clay • CA free • Rest of SW divided into New Mexico Territory & Utah Territory • Both opened to possibility of slavery • Ended slavery in Washington D.C. • Existing slaveholders allowed to keep slaves • Fugitive Slave Law • Required return of escaped slaves to owners (even if they made it to free states)

  11. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) • Harriet Beecher Stowe • Describes cruelties of slavery • Tells story of main character, Uncle Tom, who is a slave • Northerners became even more outraged over atrocities of slavery • Southerners outraged w/ Stowe stating that it was an inaccurate depiction of slavery/slave owners

  12. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) • Original bill drafted by Senator Douglass discussing how the Great Plains would be organized for settlement (north of Missouri Compromise lines) • Southerners agreed as long as Kansas & Nebraska were opened to slavery through popular sovereignty (this passed) • This upset northerners who thought this land was excluded from slavery w/ Missouri Compromise • Created Republican Party in response in 1854 • Took firm stand against Fugitive Slave Law & Kansas-Nebraska Act

  13. “Bleeding Kansas” • Agitators vs. Abolitionists • Agitators = protesters who wanted slavery in Kansas • Abolitionists = Free-Soilers who were opposed to slavery • May 21, 1856  agitators attacked/burned Free-Soil town of Lawrence, Kansas • 2 days later abolitionists led by John Brown attacked Agitator town of Pottawatomie, Kansas, killing 5 men **day after Lawrence, Preston Brooks attacks Charles Sumner on Senate floor **Kansas admitted as free state in 1861

  14. Dred Scott (1857) • Scott & his wife, Harriet sued for freedom in 1846 • Former owner moved to Wisconsin w/ them (free state) where they lived for several years • Said living in free state should allow them to be free • Reached Supreme Court in 1856 (Chief Justice Roger Taney) • 2 ?s: did slaves have right to bring case to fed court? & did Scott’s stay in WI make them free? • 2 additional ?s: did Congress have power to make laws concerning slavery in territories? Was Missouri Compromise constitutional use of that power? • 1857 Taney’s Ruling: Dec. of Ind. Did Not intend slaves to be included in “all men are created equal” • Dred Scott was not a citizen b/c he was a slave & therefore had no right to sue in courts • Also said that living in WI did not make him free • Went against 5th Amendment which protects “private property”

  15. John Brown’s Raid (1859) • W/ 21 other men seized federal arsenal @ Harpers Ferry, VA • Intent was to distribute weapons to slaves in area for revolt • Fed troops took back over arsenal • Captured, tried for treason, & executed John Brown

  16. Rise of Republican Party • Parties during this time: Democratic Party; Whig Party; Free Soil Party; Know Nothing Party • Free Soil Party = opposed to slavery • Know Nothing Party = opposed immigration & Catholics (who were Catholics?) • Democratic Party = split on opposition to slavery • Republican Party = opposed to slavery • Whig Party = favored the rule of Congress/Constitution (broke up over ? of slavery) • Constitutional Unionist Party = neutral on slavery (many former Whigs joined this group)

  17. Election of 1860 • North (D)  Stephen Douglass (popular sovereignty in territories) • South (D)  John C. Breckenridge (wanted slavery in all territories) • Constitutional Union Party  John Bell (avoided issue of slavery) • Republican Party  Abraham Lincoln (opposed to slavery) • Democratic party divided which aided Lincoln in his victory • Won w/ less than 40% pop vote (those votes from the North) • Took the electoral college • Said wouldn’t interfere w/ slavery in south, would continue w/ Fugitive Slave Law, but wouldn’t extend slavery into territories

  18. Secession • December 20th, 1860 • South Carolina secedes from Union • 6 more pulled out in next few weeks • Elected Jefferson Davis as president • Formed Confederate States of America • April 12th, 1861 southern forces attacked Fort Sumter (fed fort in Charleston, SC) • Civil War begins…

  19. States that seceded to Confederacy • StateDate of Secession • South Carolina December 20, 1860 • Mississippi January 9, 1861 • Florida January 10, 1861 • Alabama January 11, 1861 • Georgia January 19, 1861 • Louisiana January 26, 1861 • Texas February 1, 1861 • Virginia April 17, 1861 • Arkansas May 6, 1861 • North Carolina May 20, 1861 • Tennessee June 8, 1861 • **before the Civil War there were 34 states  West Virginia broke off of Virginia in 1861 & was admitted to Union in 1863 bringing Union total to 24

  20. 1) Oregon 2) California 3) Minnesota 4) Iowa 5) Kansas 6) Missouri* 7) Illinois 8) Wisconsin 9) Indiana 10) Kentucky* 11) Michigan 12) Ohio 13) Pennsylvania 14) Maryland* 15) Delaware* 16) New Jersey 17) New York 18) Connecticut 19) Massachusetts 20) Vermont 21) New Hampshire 22) Maine 23) West Virginia 24) Rhode Island Union States * = Border state that remained loyal to Union but still had slaves

  21. Copy the timeline below into your notebook and title it “Events Leading to the Civil War.” On the side of the timeline labeled “Compromise,” place events from the list below that you believe reflected a spirit of compromise. On the side of the timeline labeled “Conflict,” place events that you believe showed a spirit of conflict. Be sure to include: name and date of the event. a short description of the event. a brief explanation of why you believe this event showed a spirit of compromise or conflict. 1) Compromise of 1850 2) Uncle Tom’s Cabin 3) Kansas-Nebraska Act 4) Bleeding Kansas Events Leading to the Civil War Conflict Compromise Warm-Up: 1850 1861

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