The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789 – 1815)

1. The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789 – 1815)

2. The French Revolution Begins

3. The French Revolution Begins • Background to the Revolution • France’s Three Estates • Estates • First Estate – Clergy • Divided: • Higher clergy • Parish priests • Second Estate – Nobles • Played a crucial role in France • Held leading positions • Wealth (Nobles and Clergy) • Taille • Third Estate – Everyone else • Peasants • Middle class or Bourgeoisie • Unhappy • Nobles by appointment • Louis XVI • Urban craftspeople, shopkeepers, and workers

4. The French Revolution Begins • Financial Crisis • Collapse of the French budget • Had been growing for 50 years: • Bad harvests • Slowdown in manufacturing • Kings • Americans • Louis XVI • Estates-General • 1614

5. The French Revolution Begins • From Estates-General to National Assembly • Louis XVI • Versailles • First two Estates • Third Estate • Constitutional government • Problems from the start: • Voting • The king • June 17, 1789 • National assembly and a constitution

6. The French Revolution Begins • Three days later the Deputies of the 3rd Estate • Tennis Court Oath • Louis XVI • July 14, 1789 • Parisians • Bastille • French Guard • Louis XVI • Paris • Revolts will begin to break out all over France • The Great Fear • Peasant

7. The French Revolution Begins • End of the Old Regime • Declaration of the Rights of Man • The National Assembly • August 14, 1789 • August 26, 1789 • Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen • Enlightenment ideals: • All men were free and equal before the law • Appointment to public office • Exempt from taxation • Freedom of speech and press • Should these rights include women?

8. The French Revolution Begins • Olympe de Gouges • “The Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen” • The King Concedes • October 5, 1789 • Parisian women • National Assemblies decrees • The king • October 6, 1789 • the king and his family will return to Paris • Prisoners in Paris

9. The French Revolution Begins • Church Reform • New Revolutionary Government • Sell off church lands • Under the control of the state • Civil Constitution of the Clergy • Catholics were anti-revolution • New Constitution and New Fears • Constitution of 1791 • Limited Monarchy • Legislative Body • “Active Citizens” • “Passive citizens” • Local governments

10. The French Revolution Begins • 1791 • Louis XVI • June 1791 • The king and his family • Varennes • October 1791 • Louis XVI

11. The French Revolution Begins • War with Austria • European leaders • Austria and Prussia • Legislative Assembly • Rise of the Paris Commune • Spring of 1792 • August 1792 • Paris radicals • Commune • Members of the Paris Commune • King • Legislative Assembly • National Convention • Universal Male Suffrage • San-culottes

12. Radical Revolution and Reaction

13. Radical Revolution and Reaction • The Move to Radicalism • Louis XVI • Unrest • August 1792 • The Minister of Justice Georges Danton • National Convention • September Massacres • Jean-Paul Marat • Friend of the People • Jacobin condemned the Girondins • Drinker of Blood • Charlotte Corday, a Girondin • Jacques- Louis David “The Death of Marat” • The First Republic • September 1792 • National Convention • Newly elected National Convention • Ruling body of France • September 21, 1792 - The French Republic

14. Radical Revolution and Reaction • The Fate of the King • Political clubs • Girondins • The Mountain • Jacobins Club • Louis XVI • January 1793 • Guillotine • Crisis and Response • Disputes • The Paris Commune • Riots • Coalition of forces • Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Britain, and the Dutch Republic • Committee of Public Safety • George Danton and Maximilian Robespierre

15. Radical Revolution and Reaction • The Reign of Terror • Crushing Rebellion • 1793- 1794 – Committee on Public Safety • Reign of Terror • Maximilian Robespierre • Revolutionary Courts • Guillotine • Marie Antoinette • Olympe de Gouges • Revolutionary Armies • Grapeshot • Nantes

16. Radical Revolution and Reaction • “Show them no mercy” • The Republic of Virtue • Maximilian Robespierre • Titles changed • Women • Good citizens • Law abolishing slavery • Control inflation • Women • 1793 - Revolutionary Republican Women • De-Christianization • Adopted a new calendar • September 22, 1792 • 12 months • Months were given new names • Example: Vendemiarie – September • Huge impact on religion

17. Radical Revolution and Reaction • A Nation in Arms • Rise of the Revolutionary Army • 1794 • People’s Army • End of the Terror • Summer of 1794 - Robespierre • June 1794 – Law of 22 Prairial • July 28, 1794 • The Directory • National Convention • Committee on Public Safety • Churches • New constitution • The constitution of 1795 • Bicameral legislature • Lower House – Council of 500 • Upper House – Council of Elders • Electors– qualified voters • Committee of 5 – called theDirectory • The Directory – 1795 – 1799 • 1799 – Napoleon Bonaparte toppled the Directory in a Coup d’état

18. The Age of Napoleon

19. The Age of Napoleon • The Rise of Napoleon • Early Life • A child of the revolution • Born 1769 in Corsica • Commissioned as a lieutenant in the French Army • Military Successes • 1792 - Captain • 1794 - Brigadier General • 1796 - French armies in Italy • Speed, surprise, and decisive action • Northern Italy • 1797 • Invasion of Britain • Egypt • British Navy

20. The Age of Napoleon • Consul and Emperor • 1799 – Coup d’état • The Consulate • First Counsel • 1802 – Consul for Life • 1804 – Emperor • Napoleon’s Domestic Policies • Peace with the Church • Gains of the revolution • Catholic Church • A man of the enlightenment • 1801 – agreement with the Pope • Codification of Laws • Over 300 different legal systems • Napoleon will make one legal system: • Seven Law codes were created • Civil Code – Napoleonic Code – 1804 • The principles that the revolutionaries • Women and children • “Less equal to men” • Property • Court • Divorce proceedings

21. The Age of Napoleon • A New Bureaucracy • Strong centralized administration • Bureaucracy of capable officials • Middle Class • Aristocracy based on meritorious service • New nobles • Preserver of the Revolution? • All citizens were equal before the law and the opening of government careers • On the other hand: • Liberty • Anne-Louise-Germaine de Stael • Napoleon’s Empire • Building the Empire • European Coalition – Russia, Great Britain, and Austria • 1803 - Britain • Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Prussia • Ulm, Austerlitz, Jena, and Eylau from 1805 to 1807 • From 1807 to 1812 Napoleon will be the master of Europe • Empire was composed of three parts: • The French Empire • Dependent States • Allied States

23. The Age of Napoleon • Spreading the Principles of the Revolution • Legal equality, religious toleration, and economic freedom • Equality – of opportunity and before the law • Britain’s Resistance • Sea power • 1805 –Trafalgar • Continental system • Weakening the British economically • Will fail • 1810 • Nationalism • The sense of unique identity of a people based on language, religion, and national symbols • The Germanies, Spain, Poland, and Italy arousing new ideas of nationalism in two ways: • United in their hatred of the invaders • The power and strength of national feeling

24. The Age of Napoleon • The Fall of Napoleon • Disaster in Russia • 1812 – Russia • Continental system • June 1812 – the Grand Army • “Scorched Earth Policy” • Battle of Borodino • Moscow • “the Great Retreat” • March of 1814 • Napoleon • Island of Elba • Louis XVIII • The Final Defeat • Napoleon - escape from Elba • Louis XVIII • “ Soldiers of the 5th regiment, I am your emperor…. If there is a man among you (who) would kill his emperor, here I am!” • “ Vive, l’Empereur” • March 20, 1815 • Russia, Great Britain, Austria, and Prussia • At Waterloo – Belgium – June 18, 1815 - Duke of Wellington • St. Helena • 1821