RTW Friday, January 31 st

1. RTW Friday, January 31st What is your definition for evolution?

2. Today’s Agenda • Recommendations for 2014-15 • Anatomy/Physiology • Anatomy/Physiology Honors • Biology II • Environmental Science • Marine Science • Test corrections • Start vocabulary

3. Evolution Vocabulary • Endosymbiotic Theory • Evolution • Convergent Evolution • Coevolution • Punctuated Equilibrium • Descendant • Ancestor • Fossil • Homogolous Sturcture • Vestigial Structure • Analogous Structure • Embryology • Biogeography • Hominid • Candidate Fossils

4. RTW Monday, February 3rd What came first, the chicken or the egg?

5. Origins of life

6. Theories of the Origin of Life • Abiogenesis • Primordial soup • Endosymbiotic theory • Hydrothermal vents • Panspermia

7. Abiogenesis • = "non biological origins“: hypothetical generation of life from non-living matter. • Spontaneous generation

8. Primordial Soup • Famous Miller-Urey experiment (1953) suggested that lightning might have helped create the key building blocks of life on Earth in its early days. • Over millions of years, larger and more complex molecules could form. • Electric sparks can generate amino acids and sugars from an atmosphere loaded with water, methane, ammonia and hydrogen.

9. Endosymbiosis

10. Deep-Sea Vents • The deep-sea vent theory suggests that life may have begun at submarine hydrothermal vents • These vents spew key hydrogen-rich molecules. Their rocky nooks could then have concentrated these molecules together and provided mineral catalysts for critical reactions. • Even now, these vents, rich in chemical and thermal energy, sustain vibrant ecosystems.

11. Panspermia • = life did not begin on Earth at all, but was brought here from elsewhere in space • Rocks regularly get blasted off Mars by cosmic impacts, and a number of Martian meteorites have been found on Earth that some researchers have controversially suggested brought microbes over here, potentially making us all Martians originally.

12. “Happy Birthday Earth!” • How old are you? • The Earth is 4.6 BILLION years old! • In this activity…You will be designing a geological birthday card for the Earth for a specific time period. • To do this you will need to calculate your “Geological Birthday”…

13. Calculating Your Geological Birthday • 1.) Divide the age of the Earth by the number of days in a year. • 2.) Next add the number of days from the beginning of the year until your birthday. • 3.) Subtract this number of days from the total number of days in a year. • 4.) Figure out the equivalent number of years on the geological time scale. • 5.) Round to the nearest million years.

14. Example Birthday: September 5th • 1.) 4.6 billion/365 = 12,602,740 years per day • 2.) 31 + 28 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 31 + 5 = 248 days • 3.) 365 - 248 = 117 At the end of the year my birthday was 117 days ago • 4.) (12,602,740 years/day) x (117 days) = 1,474,520,580 years • 5.) 1,474,520,580 rounds to 1,500,000,000 which can also be expressed as 1,500 MYA or the Metoproterozoic

15. Now what? • Design a birthday card for the Earth at that time • Your card should convey something about that time period. • Environment • Presence or absence of life • Arrangement of continents • Anything else you learned about that time http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/timeform.php

16. RTW Tuesday, February 4th • What is one theory of the origins of life that we discussed yesterday and what does it entail?

17. Evidence for Evolution Project • You will be placed into groups of 6 • Each group will have specialists: • Anatomist- study the structure of organisms • Physiologist- study the function of organisms • Paleontologist- study fossils • Molecular biologist- study genetics • Within your group you need to have 2 of the same specialists (one specialist will not be represented)

18. Evidence for Evolution Project • With your role you will research 4-5 examples of evidence for evolution • Find specific examples, so when you present to the class you will have different examples to share (also find the dates when the evidence was discovered) • To start your research: Google “Evidence for evolution webquest” • Scroll down and utilize the links for your role

19. Evidence for Evolution Project • As a group you are creating a poster that will be presented (“Evidence for evolution webquest”) • Organize your information in a chart:

20. RTW Wednesday, February 5th What is one piece of evidence for evolution (think about what you researched yesterday)?

21. RTW Thursday, February 6th How does this picture provide support for the theory of evolution?

22. RTW Friday, February 7th What is a vestigial structure and what is an example of one? HAPPY FRIDAY!

23. Key Concept • Evidence of common ancestry among species comes from many sources.

24. Evidence for evolution came from several sources. • Fossils provide evidence of evolution. • Fossils in older layers are more primitive than those in the upper layers.

25. Paleontology provides evidence to support evolution.

26. The study of geography provides evidence of evolution. • Island species most closely resemble nearest mainland species • Populations can show variation from one island to another

27. Embryology provides evidence of evolution. • Identical larvae, different adult body forms • Similar embryos, diverse organisms

28. Molefoot Batwing Human hand The study of anatomy provides evidence of evolution. • Homologous structures are similar in structure but different in function. • Homologous structures are evidence of a common ancestor.

29. Human hand Mole foot Bat wing Fly wing The study of anatomy provides evidence of evolution. • Analogous structures have a similar function. • Analogous structures are NOT evidence of a common ancestor.

30. Structural patterns are clues to the history of a species • Vestigial structures are remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor. • Ostrich wings are examples of vestigial structures.

31. Molecular & genetic evidence support fossil & anatomical evidence • Two closely-related organisms will have similar DNA sequences.

32. Humans share a common ancestor with other primates. • Primates are mammals with flexible hands and feet, forward-looking eyes and enlarged brains.

33. Anthropoids are humanlike primates.

34. So why are humans so advanced? BRAINSTORM with a shoulder partner about what makes us more advanced than other primates and organisms

35. So why are humans so advanced? • Bipedalmeans walking on two legs. • foraging • carrying infants and food • using tools • HUGE brains! • Language • Use of tools

36. Article Review • Read the article. • Write down the answers in your notebook (part of the notebook check). • When done, turn to your shoulder partner and summarize your article.

37. RTW Monday, February 10th Based on embryology & developmental patterns, what can you infer from this diagram? • They are offspring are from a common parent • They have a distant common ancestor • They developed in the same location • They evolved into the same species

38. Natural Selection Or, how did we get here….

39. Natural Selection • Natural selection is a mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals. • Heritability is the ability of a trait to be passed down. • There is a struggle for survival due to overpopulation and limited resources. • Darwin proposed that adaptations arose over many generations.

40. VARIATION OVERPRODUCTION ADAPTATION DESCENT withMODIFICATION Natural selection explains how evolution can occur. • There are four main principles to the theory of natural selection. • variation • overproduction • adaptation • descent with modification

41. Variation 1. Reproduction occurs with variation • This variation is heritable (traits inherited from parents)

42. Variation • Variation is a difference in a physical trait. • Galápagos tortoises that live in areas with tall plants have long necks and legs. • Galápagos finches that live in areas with hard-shelled nuts have strong beaks.

43. Overproduction 2. Overproduction of offspring (too many babies!) • There is competition among living things • More are born or hatched or whatever, than survive and reproduce

45. Adaptations 3. An adaptation is a feature that allow an organism to better survive in its environment. • Species are able to adapt to their environment. • Adaptations can lead to genetic change in a population.

47. Descent with Modification 4. Selection determines which individuals enter the adult breeding population • This selection is done by the environment • Those which are best suited reproduce • They pass these well suited characteristics on to their young • Fitness describes how reproductively successful an organism is in its environment.

50. This lecture keeps evolving….. • Survival of the Fittest means those who have the most offspring that reproduce • ‘Descent with modification from a common ancestor, NOT random modification, but, modification shaped by natural selection’