H 2 High Pressure On-Board Storage Considering Safety Issues

1. H2 High Pressure On-Board Storage Considering Safety Issues André Vieira Hugo Faria Rui de Oliveira Nuno Correia António T. Marques

2. Contents • Introduction • Pressure Vessels for H2 Storage • On-line Monitoring Systems • Conclusions

3. Introduction Portuguese EDEN Project • create a knowledge based platform for H2 economy • production > storage > logistics > utilization • prototyping vessels for high-pressure gaseous storage of H2 • http://www.h2eden.com

4. Introduction Know-how on pressure vessels development • composite materials

5. Introduction Know-how on pressure vessels development • composite materials • numerical modelling

6. Introduction Know-how on pressure vessels development • composite materials • numerical modelling • filament-winding technologies

7. Introduction Know-how on pressure vessels development • composite materials • numerical modelling • filament-winding technologies • vessels prototyping and manufacture

8. Introduction Know-how on monitoring systems • direct strain measurement (strain gauges) • acoustic emission • optical fibre’s sensors

9. Pressure Vessels for H2 Storage Main Concerns • gaseous storage • no specific studies on thermal environment • high pressure storage conditions (up to 700bar) • need of validated design methodology • materials permeability to H2 molecules • steel or aluminium liners or inner covers • reliability of these vessels for mid-term applications

10. Pressure Vessels for H2 Storage 200bar Prototype steel liner pattern calculation/generation

11. Pressure Vessels for H2 Storage 200bar Prototype CAD model meshed model FEM analysis

12. Pressure Vessels for H2 Storage 200bar Prototype part manufacture 26 litres prototype

13. On-line Monitoring Systems Sensors Requests • embedment capability on composite reinforcement • able to support processing conditions (temperature and pressure • miniaturization to induce low stress concentration • no degradation during service (corrosion, etc) • monitoring strains (3%) at low frequency • monitoring damage (AE events) at high frequency (20 kHz-1MHz) • periodic evaluation of damage by measuring sound propagation

14. Emitted broad band light Transmitted light Back reflected narrow band light ΛB Bragg condition λB – central wavelength of reflected light neff – effective refractive index ΛB – grating structure period On-line Monitoring Systems FBG Sensors • monitoring of strain and temperature • embedment capability • multiplexing ability • immune to electric and magnetic fields • simplicity of interrogation scheme • small maximum allowable strain (for glass fiber) Kε, KT – strain and temperature sensitivity εz – axial strain αH, αF – thermal expansion of host and fiber ΔT – temperature variation

15. Capillary tube Adhesive Optical fiber On-line Monitoring Systems EFPI Sensors • sensitive to transient phenomenon (AE) • embedment capability • no Multiplexing ability • immune to electric and magnetic fields • complexity of interrogation scheme • small maximum allowable strain

16. On-line Monitoring Systems Piezoelectric Sensors • embedment capability • don’t allow quasi-static measuring of strain • no Multiplexing ability • sensitive to electric and magnetic fields • complexity of interrogation scheme (amplification needed)

17. On-line Monitoring Systems Piezoresistive Sensors • embedment capability • allow quasi-static measuring of strain • no Multiplexing ability • sensitive to electric and magnetic fields • flexibility dependent of the support used

18. Conclusions • EDEN project is developing regional competences preparing for the H2 economy • high pressure gaseous storage is only one of the work packages • the main challenge for the composite materials sub-group will be to pass from its experience on user-friendly fluids to H2 • the experience in on-line monitoring systems will allow us to develop cheaper prototypes both in terms of burst test criteria and daily operating safety issues

19. Thank you for your attention