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THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. HOW DO ANIMALS PROTECT THEIR BODIES AGAINST INVASION? Refer to pg 227-232 in Holtzclaw Ch 43 in Campbell and media resources. IMMUNE SYSTEM. Chapter 43 in Campbell, p. 227-232 in Holtzclaw You must know: Several elements of an innate immune response.

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THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

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  1. THE IMMUNE SYSTEM HOW DO ANIMALS PROTECT THEIR BODIES AGAINST INVASION? Refer to pg 227-232 in HoltzclawCh 43 in Campbell and media resources

  2. IMMUNE SYSTEM Chapter 43 in Campbell, p. 227-232 in Holtzclaw • You must know: • Several elements of an innate immune response. • The differences between B and T cells relative to their activation and actions. • How antigens are recognized by immune system cells. • The differences in humoral and cell-mediated immunity. • Why helper T cells are central to immune responses.

  3. INNATE VS. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY • Compare innate immunity and acquired immunity

  4. INNATE VS. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY • Compare innate immunity and acquired immunity

  5. 43.1 IN INNATE IMMUNITY, RECOGNITION AND RESPONSE RELY ON SHARED TRAITS OF PATHOGENS • 1. Barrier defenses • epithelial tissues • mucous membranes • lysozome • acidic environment • oil and sweat glands

  6. INNATE IMMUNITY • 2. Phagocytic white blood cells (TLRs) and phagocytosis • neutrophils • macrophages • eusinophils • dendritic cells • 3. Antimicrobial peptides • interferon • complement

  7. INNATE IMMUNITY • 4. Inflammatory response (1) Injury? Mast cells at cite release signaling molecules (histamines) that act on nearby capillaries (2) capillaries widen and become more permeable (antimicrobial peptides in fluid enter tissue) (3) phagocytic cells digest pathogens -> tissue heals 

  8. INNATE IMMUNITY • 5. Natural killer (NK) cells • Help recognize and eliminate diseased cells • How? • Patrol body looking for cells that show class I MHC molecule • Attach to diseased cell and release chemicals that cause cell death

  9. TRY THIS #1 • Which cells and which signaling molecules are responsible for initiating an inflammatory response? • A) phagocytes; lysozomes • B) phagocytes; chemokines • C) dendritic cells; interferons • D) mast cells; histimines • E) lymphocytes; interferons

  10. TRY THIS #2 • Mammals have Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that act in a manner similarly to those of insects. While not specific to a particular pathogen, a TLR can recognize a kind of macromolecule that is absent from vertebrates but present in/on certain groups of pathogens. Which of the following is most likely to be recognized by a particular TLR that defends against some viruses? • A) lipopolysacchrides • B) double-stranded DNA • C) double-stranded RNA • D) glycoproteins • E) phospholipids

  11. 43.2 IN ACQUIRED IMMUNITY, LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTORS PROVIDE PATHOGEN-SPECIFIC RECOGNITION • Vertebrates have two types of lymphocytes. Where do they develop/mature? • B cells – bone marrow • T cells – thymus • B cells

  12. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY VOCABULARY • Lymphocyte • Cytokines • Antigen • Antigen receptor • Antibody • Immunoglobin • Epitope

  13. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY • On the following B cell and T cell, label the: antigen-binding site, alpha chain, beta chain, light chain, heavy chain, variable region, constant region, transmembrane region, disulfide bridge • B cell

  14. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC) • MHC Class I and MHC Class II • Identify the diagrams below • Which T cells recognize which class? • How are MHC molecules used?

  15. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY • What is self-tolerance? • Effector cells • Memory cells • Clonal selection

  16. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY • Primary and secondary immune response

  17. 43.4 ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY DEFENDS AGAINST INFECTION OF BODY FLUIDS AND BODY CELLSHELPER T CELLS

  18. ACT OUT! 1) humoral immune response 2) cell-mediated immune response

  19. LABEL THE DIAGRAM ANDACT OUT! GROUP 1 • How does a cytotoxic T cell destroy a target cell? Use the terms • Dendritic cells, macrophages and cytotoxic T cells

  20. LABEL THE DIAGRAM ANDACT OUT! GROUP 2 • B cell activation

  21. TRY THIS #3 • When would B cells produce effector cells? Between • A) 0-7 days • B) 7-14 days • C) 28-35 days • D) A and B • E) A and C

  22. TRY THIS #4 • When would memory cells be produced? Between • A) 0-7 days • B) 7-14 days • C) 28-35 days • D) 35-42 days • E) A and C • When would you find antibodies being produced? • 3-7 days and 28-35 days

  23. How can antibodies dispose of antigens? • 1. viral neutralization • Antibodies bind to surface of pathogen • Can’t infect host cell • 2. opsonization • Increase phagocytosis of antigen • Antibodies bind to antigen and are very recognizable • 3. activation of complement • Antibodies bind to surface of pathogen • Within the complement system -> membrane attacks pores -> H2O enters -> cell lyses

  24. IMMUNIZATION • Active immunity vs. passive immunity • What is immunization? • How does it help?

  25. TRANSPLANTS1 MIN TO EXPLAIN… • Blood transfusions • Organ transplants • Bone marrow transplants

  26. ALLERGIES(AS EXPLAINED BY GROUP 1)

  27. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES (AS EXPLAINED BY GROUP 2) IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS(AS EXPLAINED BY GROUP 3) • Autoimmune diseases • Lupus • Multiple sclerosis • Immunodeficiency disease • HIV

  28. TRY THIS #5 • Which of the following is true of the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen? • A) It is dependent on the surface antigens of the pathogen not changing. • B) It requires a rearrangement of the B cell receptor antibodies • C) It is not possible without knowing the structure of the surface antigens on the pathogen. • D) It is dependent on the pathogen having only one epitope. • E) It is dependent on MHC molecules being heterozygous.

  29. TRY THIS #6 • An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because • A) MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue. • B) The tissue graft, unlike the bacterium, is isolated from the circulation and will not enter into an immune response. • C) a response to the graft will involve T cells and a response to the bacterium will not. • D) a bacterium cannot escape the immune system by replication inside normal body cells. • E) the graft will stimulate an autoimmune response in the recipient.

  30. IMMUNE SYSTEM Chapter 43 in Campbell, p. 227-232 in Holtzclaw • You must know: • Several elements of an innate immune response. • The differences between B and T cells relative to their activation and actions. • How antigens are recognized by immune system cells. • The differences in humoral and cell-mediated immunity. • Why helper T cells are central to immune responses.

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