Bioethics: Ethical Considerations in the Transmission of Human Life

The Transmission of Human Life Ethical Considerations “Science asks, ‘Can we?’ Law asks, ‘May we?’ Morality asks, ‘Should we?’” Curtis Harris John Kleinsman – The Nathaniel Centre Marriage Educators Training Weekend May 26 2012

What is bioethics? • “Our attempt to know & understand how we are to live and what we are to do (or not to do) to be (or not to be) …” E. Dunn • … particularly in regard to … • … guiding moral choices in a medical context and in providing principles by which conflicts in the decision-making process may be resolved.

Proverbs 29:18 • “Where there is no vision, the people wander.” • (Where there is no vision the people perish.”)

WORLDVIEW • We are, each of us, in the grasp of a particular worldview or narrative: • The interpretative process we use to make sense of things • Gives us a compelling description of the situation we find ourselves in according to certain ideas about what is most valuable • Offers a morally defensible option for our responses

“Unlike other beings with which we are acquainted, we are fundament-ally incomplete … rather than simply adapting ourselves to the existing environment, we have the power to modify both the environ-ment and ourselves in significant ways." Charles Kammer

“Human nature … is open. There is always a tension between what [humankind] is at a given moment in history and what may be possible tomorrow.” • Neil Brown • We believe that all human beings have a role as co-creators with God, and as participants in the evolutionary process. • New Zealand Catholic Bishops’ ConferenceSubmission to the Royal Commission on Genetic Modification, October 2000

Getting the Questions Right • “We plant the seeds of the answers we will arrive at in the way we frame the questions we ask …” Philip Boyle Assisted Human Reproductive Technologies Human Reproduction Without Sexual Intercourse

"Every culture carries with it one or more basic ways of interpreting the world, of saying what is important in life, what questions are the most urgent, what values are paramount. From this ... background, we come to the exploration of [issues] with a certain agenda, a certain list of priorities, a certain number of already formed convictions ..." • Aidan Nichols.

WHAT HAS CHANGED IN HUMAN REPRODUCTION? • 50 years ago … • Whether and when a child was conceived was largely a matter of chance • Whereit was conceived was always in a woman's body. • Howlife was transmitted to the child was through sexual reproduction. • Material sourced from Margaret Somerville – Biotechnology and the Human Spirit

WHAT HAS CHANGED IN HUMAN REPRODUCTION? • Now … • Whenhuman life is conceived can be controlled through contraception. • Whereit is conceived; In vitro fertilization (IVF) now allows the creation of embryos outside the body of a woman. • How it is transmitted is no longer limited to sexual reproduction: cloning is asexual replication; in the future, embryos may be created from the union of two ova, two sperm, or, possibly, from the individual genes that make up a living human.

Dana Wensley • In general terms, procreation was in past times seen as an act of acceptance of the children which fate bestowed • (Choosing genes for future children, 2006, p. 165).

Dana Wensley • Procreation is now perceived in a radically different way. It is no longer seen as primarily an act of acceptance of the children bestowed by fate. Children are now able to be shaped and selected so as to meet the desires and wants of parents. • (2006, p. 165).

Why is leaving something to fate morally more acceptable than exercising human control? • People argue, persuasively, that to leave things to ‘chance’ is nothing more than succumbing to the vicissitudes of nature which are, at best, amoral.

ALTERNATIVE question • Can we truly say that procedures which are completely controlled, which tend towards predictability, and which may also be highly selective are a true expression of what human life-giving is about?

Does it really matter how we come to be conceived? • Are IVF and Sexual Intercourse the same type of act? • Should a child come to be from a certain type of act? • Are there certain types of acts from which a person should not come to be? • What difference is there, if any, between the transmission of human life and that of other mammals?

What is the Meaning of Sexual Intercourse? • Actions have a human significance that goes beyond the physical and biological functions of an act • As persons we need life and love – it is not enough to give life … • Does Sexual intercourse make some sort of normative claim over us?

The Meaning of Sexual Intercourse • To what extent is it a richly symbolic action that establishes and reinforces specific and underlying meanings and truths about what it is to be human?

Jurgen Habermas • “To impose your preferences upon a potential person, is to treat that person as an object, a thing made, rather than to treat as a subject, an autonomous individual. To impose upon another a decision about his genetic composition according to your own preferences is to treat a person as a creature of your preferences, and to constrain that person’s ability to self-actualize. It is to adopt an attitude of domination, of instrumentalizing …

Jurgen Habermas continued • … [from the programmed person’s perspective] A person who becomes aware of his programmed genetic nature will feel less free and less authentic. Instead of being able to distinguish between what I am given and what I make of it, even what I make of it is to some extent given ...I will confront in my being “the programmers’ sedimented intentions.” • Habermas expresses doubt that under such circumstances the persons themselves could consider themselves members of an inclusive community of peers owed equal respect

Margaret Somerville • “There is an infinite difference between parents who want a child only if it comes into the world satisfying specific criteria for quality or gender, and parents welcoming the child they beget in a spirit of humility and with unconditional love, which they understand as the primary characteristic of the parent-child bond”

Human Assisted Reproduction • “The issues raised by artificial reproduction are complex and difficult and have the potential for transforming the most basic of human relationships. Thus there is a genuine need for a careful examination of these technologies.” • Thomas A. Shannon

Henk ten Have • “Technology is not only a cultural product, but itself a producer of culture.” • Medical Technology Assessment and Ethics: Ambivalent Relations, in HastingsCenter Report 25, no. 5 (1995), 14-15.

No one step in scientific developments may in itself be unacceptable. What is of concern is whether a particular way of using knowledge is based in wonder and respect for that which is ‘other’ – the non-human world, other people and our own bodies – or whether the direction in which it is moving our relationships is towards further reducing the world to something we can control, manipulate and use as a means to an end. • Barbera Nicholas (abridged) Otago Bioethics Report

“When science moves faster than moral understanding as it does today, men and women struggle to articulate their unease. In liberal societies, they reach first for the language of autonomy, fairness, and individual rights. But this part of our moral vocabulary does not equip us to address the hardest questions posed by cloning, designer children, and genetic engineering.” • Sandel, M.J. (2007). The case against perfection: Ethics in the age of genetic engineering. pp. 9-10.

Prenatal Testing • What is the proper attitude towards the use of prenatal testing? • How does a Catholic-Christian vision of the human person inform couples approach to prenatal testing?

“Technology multiplies choices. This is hardly a novel observation, but its consequences have not always been well understood. An accumulation of choices can be a burden as well as a blessing … Medical technologies exert power over persons ... Technologies create their own culture of practices, institutions, and discourses, and these become a powerful force that inscribes individual bodies to its own specifications. • Lindemann Nelson, Hilde. (1995). Dethroning Choice: Analogy, Personhood, and the New Reproductive Technologies. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 23, 2: 129-35.

The notion that the common good of society will place restrictions on the pursuit of individual choices is a general principle that applies right across society. • A proper assessment of the uses of reproductive technology includes a consideration of the ethical, cultural, social and spiritual dimensions

Bioethics: Ethical Considerations in the Transmission of Human Life