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ARGUMENTATION AND LOGIC

Explore the fundamentals of argumentation, logic, and reasoning with a focus on deductive, inductive, and abductive methods. Understand how to construct sound arguments and identify common fallacies to improve critical thinking skills. Enhance your ability to evaluate different forms of reasoning in diverse contexts.

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ARGUMENTATION AND LOGIC

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  1. ARGUMENTATION AND LOGIC TOK LAJM

  2. TASK • Choose some thing that is important to you • E.g. a hobby, an athlete, an artist or a band • Try give reasons to your neighbour(s) why the thing you chose is good • Write down your reasons

  3. TASK • What were you actually trying to do in the previous task? • You were trying to give an argument!

  4. What is an argument? • All arguments must have a main point and reason(s) that support it

  5. What is an argument? PREMISE(S) (P1–Pn) – reasons of an argument that support the main point (P1) Elvis had a distinctive voice REASONING (P2) Elvis gave huge concerts (C) Elvis was a great artist CONCLUSION (C) – the main point of an argument

  6. TASK • Transform your argument into the following form: • Premises (P1–Pn) • Conclusion (C) • Write down your argument accurately • Evaluate your reasoning

  7. What makes up agood argument? • (1) All the premises are true • (2) Premises support the conclusion i.e. reasoning is not flawed • PLEASE NOTE! Premises can be true or false, but an argument cannot be true or false • Argument can be good or bad

  8. Truth and validity • Truth • What is the case? • Property of the premises • Validity • Does the conclusion follow from the premises? • Property of the reasoning process The validity of an argument is independent of the truth or falsity of the premises it contains

  9. Deductivereasoning • The truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion • The conclusion must necessarily follow from the premises Logically valid

  10. Deductive reasoning (P1) All men are mortal (P2) Elvis is a man (C) Elvis is a mortal

  11. TASK • Evaluate the deductive arguments in the teacher’s handout • Are the deductive arguments logically valid or not and why?

  12. Twoforms of logically VALID deductivearguments MODUS PONENS (P1) If A, the B (P2) A (C) B B X A CORRECT!

  13. Twoforms of logically VALID deductivearguments MODUS TOLLENS (P1) If A, then B (P2) Not B (C) Not A B A CORRECT! X

  14. Twoforms of logicallyINVALID deductivearguments DENYING THE ANTECEDENT (P1) If A, then B (P2) Not A (C) Not B B X A ERROR!

  15. Twoforms of logicallyINVALID deductivearguments AFFIRMINGTHE CONSEQUENT (P1) If A, then B (P2) B (C) A B X A ERROR!

  16. Inductive reasoning • The truth of the premises makes the conclusion probable • The conclusion doesn’t necessarily follow from the premises Statistical generalizations

  17. Inductive reasoning • (P1) I’ve seen thousandsof ravens • (P2) All the ravens I’ve seen have been black (C) All the ravens are black

  18. TASK • How to make good inductive arguments? • What distinguishes good generalizations from bad ones? • Number of instances • Variety of circumstances • Exceptions, counter-examples • Coherence • Subject area, AOK

  19. Abductive reasoning • Reasoning from the available sources to the best possible explanation Argument of best explanation

  20. Abductive reasoning (P1) A man was found dead in a remote cabin (P2) All the doors and the windows were shut from inside (P3) The man was hanging from a rope (C) The man had committed a suicide

  21. Key principles in abduction • Simplicity • Consistency • Testability • Coverage

  22. Induction and abduction • Induction and abduction can overlap • In searching for the best possible explanation, statistical generalizations can be used • In both cases the premises do NOT guarantee the truth of the conclusion • The premises just make the conclusion more likely or warranted

  23. Fallacy • An invalid pattern of argument, an error in reasoning • May occur in any type of reasoning

  24. GROUP WORK • How can our reasoning be flawed? • Form 10 groups • Define and create examples of the most common fallacies with the help of the teacher’s instructions • Upload your results to OneNote and prepare to present them to others

  25. A critical thinker • Is aware of different ways of argumentation and various fallacies • Uses source criticism • Pursues intellectual integrity

  26. CARS checklist

  27. TASK • What are the ways of knowing argumentation and logic can relate to? • What are the areas of knowledge argumentation and logic can relate to?

  28. TASK • Is there a way of knowing, area of knowledge or area of life where rational argumentation cannot be applied?

  29. Picture Sources • Usain Bolt in Rio 2016 <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-17/cameron-spencer-takes-smiling-usain-bolt-photo-rio-olympics/7751724> Accessed 24th of August 2016. • Cartoonargument 1<https://rosariobrumley.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/what-it-means-to-shape-an-argument/> Accessed 24th of August 2016. • Cartoonargument 2<http://www.edu.helsinki.fi/malu/kirjasto/yto/vaittely/> Accessed 5th of April 2016 • Argument as a house<http://quotesgram.com/quotes-about-logical-thinking> Accessed 5th of April 2016

  30. Picture Sources • Weapons of MassDeduction <https://www.pinterest.com/pin/120682464991674637/> Accessed 19th of June 2016. • Elvis<http://www.clker.com/clipart-elvis-presley-.html> Accessed 24th of August 2016. • Sherlock Holmes <http://allegator.deviantart.com/art/New-Sherlock-Holmes-278127565> Accessed 19th of June 2016. • Raven<https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Common_Raven/id> Accessed 24th of August 2016. • Albinoraven<https://fi.pinterest.com/museignited/crow-raven-totem-spirit-animal/> Accessed 24th of August 2016.

  31. Picture Sources • Sherlock Holmes and doctor Watson<http://pdlstacks.blogspot.fi/2014_06_01_archive.html> Accessed 5th of August 2016. • Sherlock Holmes’ silhouette<https://pixabay.com/fi/sherlock-holmes-etsivä-suurennuslasi-147255/> Accessed 5th of August 2016. • Sherlock Holmes playing theviolin<http://everythingsherlock.com/sherlock-holmes-violin/> Accessed 5th of August 2016. • Logicalfallacymeme<http://www.skepticalraptor.com/skepticalraptorblog.php/logical-fallacies/> Accessed 25th of August 2016. • Don’traiseyourvoice, improveyourargument<https://www.askideas.com/dont-raise-your-voice-improve-your-argument-desmond-tutu/> Accessed 15th of April 2016.

  32. Picture Sources • Demandevidence and thinkcritically<https://fi.pinterest.com/explore/critical-thinking/> Accessed 25th of August 2016. • Questions a criticalthinkerasks<http://www.educatorstechnology.com/2014/12/critical-thinking-questions-students.html> Accessed 18th of August 2016. • 6 criticalquestions<http://www.educatorstechnology.com/2014/12/critical-thinking-questions-students.html> Accessed 18th of August 2016. • CARS Checlistvan de Lagemaat, Richard: Theory of Knowledge for the IB Diploma, Second edition, Cambridge University Press 2015, page69 • TOK curriculum<http://www.amyscott.com/ToK.html> Accessed 2nd of August 2016. • Berational – getreal<http://rationallyspeaking.blogspot.fi/2011/11/difference-between-rationality-and.html> Accessed 29th of August 2016.

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