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The Endocrine System

Learn about key endocrine organs like pineal and pituitary gland, hormones they produce, and disorders like acromegaly and Cushing’s syndrome.

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The Endocrine System

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  1. The Endocrine System

  2. Major Endocrine Organs

  3. pineal gland hypothalamus pituitary gland Endocrine Organs of the Brain

  4. Pineal Gland • Produces melatonin • High levels at night make us sleepy; low level during day • Pineal gland is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light • Function in regulating circadian rhythms (sleep, body temp, appetite)  biological clock

  5. The Pituitary Gland

  6. Posterior Pituitary

  7. Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) • Oxytocin

  8. Oxytocin (+ feedback) loop oxytocin

  9. Anterior Pituitary

  10. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary • Growth Hormone (GH) • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) • Gonadotropins (FSH, LH) • Prolactin (PRL) • Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH)

  11. Growth Hormone (GH) • Stimulates protein building • Stimulates cell growth (cell size and number), especially in muscle and bone. • Also stimulates fat breakdown.

  12. strenuous exercise GH Levels sleep awake

  13. Dwarfism hyposecretion of GH Little People Big World Kenadie - worlds smallest girl due to primordial dwarfism

  14. Gigantism hypersecretion of GH Bao Xishun, a 7ft 8.95in herdsman from Inner Mongolia

  15. Acromegaly hypersecretion of GH 7 ft 1 ¼ inches

  16. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) • Acts on the thyroid gland, stimulating it to release T3 & T4 • These thyroid hormones increase glucose catabolism and body heat production. • Regulated via negative feedback

  17. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) • Acts on the adrenal cortex, stimulating it to secrete glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol). • Helps make glucose from amino acids and fatty acids

  18. The Thyroid Gland larynx thyroid trachea

  19. Thyroid Hormones Thyroid gland selectively uptakes iodine to produce T3 & T4 • Thyroxine (T4) • Triiodothyronine (T3) Both control metabolic rate and cellular oxidation • Calcitonin - lowers blood Ca2+ levels and causes Ca2+ reabsorption in bone

  20. Goiter Lack of iodine in diet hyposecretion of T3 & T4

  21. hyposecretion of T3 & T4 Cretinism

  22. Myxedemahyposecretion of T3 & T4 After thyroid treatment myxedema

  23. Exophthalmos-hyperthyroidism

  24. Parathyroid Glands

  25. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) • PTH release: • stimulates osteoclasts to reabsorb bone

  26. The Pancreas

  27. Pancreas: • Regulates glucose uptake by cells • Controlled via negative feedback: insulin & glucagon • Blood sugar level: 90 mg/mL

  28. Adrenal Glands

  29. Cushing’s Syndrome Hypersecretion of cortisone; may be caused by a releasing tumor in pituitary Symptoms: trunkal obesity and moon face, emotional instability Treatment: removal of adrenal gland and hormone replacement

  30. Addison’s Disease Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids; Symptoms- wt loss, fatigue, dizziness, changes in mood and personality, low levels of plasma glucose and Na+ levels, high levels of K+ Treatment- corticosteroid replacement therapy

  31. Thymus Located anterior to the heart Produces- thymopoetin and thymosin helps direct maturation and specialization of T-lymphocytes (immunity)

  32. Gonads Ovaries- produce estrogen and progesteroneresponsible for maturation of the reproductive organs and 2ndary sex characteristics in girls at puberty ovary

  33. Female Reproductive System

  34. Gonads Testes- produce sperm and testosterone (initiates maturation of male repro organs and 2ndary sex characteristics in boys at puberty)

  35. INQUIRY • A disease in which too much T3 and T4 are produced. • The posterior pituitary produces which two hormones and what is their function? • What is acromegaly? • What organ does glucagon target? • The target tissue for gonadotropins is ____. • Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine produced? • What effect does parathyroid hormone have on your bones?

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