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A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM

This workshop presentation discusses the development of a large surface photomultiplier based on Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) technology. It covers topics such as the comparison with Vacuum Photo-Multiplier Tubes, linearity-to-gain relationship, robustness, and challenges in single photon counting. The presentation also explores the use of light concentrators such as Compound Parabolic Concentrators (CPC) and Pyramidal Concentrators to increase the sensitive surface. Additionally, it discusses the use of FPGA for implementing a digital circuit for controlling and processing the SiPM signals, as well as the evaluation board and timing analysis.

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A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM

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  1. A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM Carlos Maximiliano Mollo, INFN Naples, Italy Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  2. Vacuum Photo-Multiplier Tube vs. Silicon Photo-Multiplier SiPM VPMT linearity-to-gain ralationship robustness Low operating voltages spread in transit time difficulty in single photon counting Single photon counting capable Small sensitive surface! Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  3. To increase sensitive surface Light concentrators Compound Parabolic Concentrators (CPC) Pyramidal concentrators Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  4. Compound Parabolic Concentrators (CPC) Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  5. Compound Parabolic Concentrators (CPC) Monte Carlo Simulations A detailed simulation of a CPC with 25°acceptance angle (CPC25°) has been performed. The simulated CPC25°is an optical B270 glass cone with 9.01 mm entrance diameter, 2.50 mm exit diameter and 19.25 mm length, which is commercially available by Edmund Optics. Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  6. Pyramidal Concentrator Monte Carlo Simulations The pyramidal light concentrator simulated in this work is an optical glass N-BK7 device with 7.5 x 7.5 mm2 entrance surface, 2.5 x 2.5 mm2 exit surface and 50 mm length, commercially available by Edmund Optics. From simulation, a good (and almost uniform up to 20°) transmission efficiency is obtained for this geometry. Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  7. CPC Surface sensitivity measurements Pyramidal Concentrator Steps by 0.100 mm Laser spot diameter: 0.9 mm Pyramidal concentrators Presents an uniform transmission Efficiency over their entrance Surface! Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  8. MPPC + Light Concentrator measurements Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  9. Light Concentrator choice For single photon counting applications pyramidal concentrators are better than CPCs Uniform efficiency over entrance surface Better fill factor using matrices of several MPPC + light concentrator Greater acceptance angles than CPC without compromise surface efficiency uniformity Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  10. Sensitive surface of Single MPPC + Light concentrator is still too small ( 6 x 6 mm2) MPPCs + Light concentrators matrix Digital OR Circuit based on FPGA Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  11. FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) For example a 2x2 Matrix Single MPPC data available Possible control on a MPPC malfunction Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  12. FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) Digital circuit developed using Xilinx ISE 10.1 Simulated using ModelSim by Mentor Graphics Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  13. FPGA simulations Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  14. FPGA simulations Processing time: 5 clock cycles Clock @ 200 MHz Processing time: 25 ns Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  15. Evaluation Board DATA 16 bit TTL DATA12 bit LVDS PC Analog inputs clock Ctrl. Add. 4 bit TTL USB connection ADC pipelined successive approximationarchitecture 250 MSps 12 bit LVDS Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  16. Evaluation Board DATA 16 bit TTL DATA12 bit LVDS PC Analog inputs clock Ctrl. Add. 4 bit TTL USB connection ADC 12 bits: 4096 levels Reference voltage: 2.5 V Single photo-electron signal: 5 mV 8 quantization levels for each single photo-electron detected Maximum photo-electrons detectable: 500 Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  17. Timing Analysis ADC Latency L 7.5 Clock Cycles Total Latency 13 Clock Cycles FPGA Latency 5 Clock Cycles 65 ns @ 200 MHz Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  18. FPGA Place and route Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  19. Evaluation Board test we have seen a drastic dark counts reduction Using a threshold corresponding to 3 photo-electrons Power consumption: 350 mA @ 5.5V Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  20. Our goal To build a 9x9 elements matrix with a total surface of 22.5 x 22.5 mm2 Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  21. Modular System We can make a matrix of matrices with the same paradigm used for MPPCs Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  22. Thank you! Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

  23. References [1] A.A. Radu et al., Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 446 (2000) 497-505. [2] F. Lucarelli et al., Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 589 (2008) 415–424. [3] K. Bernlöhr et al., Astroparticle Physics 20 (2003) 111–128. [4] R. Winston, W.T. Welford, High Collection Nonimaging Optics, Academic Press, New York, 1989. [5] www.edmundoptics.com [6] J. Ninkovic et al., Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 617 (2010) 407–410. [7] W.G.Oldham IEEE ‘TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES, VOL. ED-19, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 1972. [8] G. Barbarino, R. de Asmundis, G. De Rosa, C. M. Mollo, S. Russo and D. Vivolo (2011). Silicon Photo Multipliers Detectors Operating in Geiger Regime: an Unlimited Device for Future Applications, Photodiodes - World Activities in 2011, Jeong-Woo Park (Ed.) ISBN: 978-953-307-530-3, InTech. [9] KENNET KAD5612P data sheet. [10] XILINX Spartan 3E data sheet. Dr. Carlos M. Mollo - A Large Surface Photomultiplier based on SiPM - VLVνT Workshop 2011 - Erlangen, Germany

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