Chapters 2 and 3: The Classical Period in China and India

1. Chapters 2 and 3: The Classical Period in China and India AP World History, Mr. Bartula

2. The Classical Eraca 1000 BCE- ca 500 CE

3. What is a Classical Period? • A period of advanced civilization • Technology • Cross cultural trade and contact • Ethical religion and philosophy • Population growth • Syncretism

4. Ca 1000 BCE—500 CETechnological Developments • Iron metallurgy • Hittites (Asia Minor ca 1200 BCE) • Stronger and more versatile than bronze • Levers, inclined planes, pulleys, wedges, wheels, sails • Power from human and animal labor

6. Ruins of Hattusas, the Hittite Capital

7. Population changes • Population growth in civilized areas • Diseases in civilized areas spread to hunter-gathering societies. • Many diseases became endemic in civilized areas • Exposure to pathogens caused virulent epidemics among other societies • Isolation caused substantially less disease in the Americas, Australia, and the Pacific Islands: Virgin soil areas.

8. Gender Structures • Patriarchal societies • Patrilocal structure • Philosophies and religions considered women necessary, but inferior to men. • Women had little access to education or economic power

9. Religious Changes in the Classical Era • The Axial Age ca 800 BCE- 200 BCE • Zoroaster ca 600 BCE • Isaiah and the “Age of the Prophets” 770-600 BCE • Confucius 551-479 BCE and Laozi 606-530 BCE • Upanishad texts ca 550 BCE, Buddha 563-483 BCE • Greek philosophy

11. Zoroaster • Dualism • Apocalyptic • Ahura-Mazda vs Ahriman • Devas

12. Hebrew Monotheism • Growing emphasis on personal God of morality • Early Hebrews worshipped Elohim (plural for “lords”) or El Shaddai “God the Mountaineer” • Henotheism

13. Moses: El Shaddai became YHWH (Yahweh) • Transcendant • Monotheism

14. Isaiah and the Prophets • God of Righteousness • Ethics: do right, show mercy, punish evil, do justice to ensure harmonious society

15. Classical Age China • Later Zhou Dynasty • Period of weak central government • Ca 600 BCE, only eight or nine large states remained

17. Warring States Period • Large population (There is no point in history in which China has not been the most heavily populated region.) • Large, conscripted armies led by professional soldiers • Professional governing class developed

18. “The Period of the One Hundred Schools” 551-233 BCE The most creative period in Chinese philosophy All the major schools of Chinese philosophy began

19. Confucianism • Kung fu tzu 551-479 BCE • “Master Kung” • Born in province of Lu • Early successful political career • Dismissed from government service • Became itinerant teacher

20. The Analects • Confucius’ teachings, recorded by his students

21. What is the right way to live? • Determine the right pattern to live and govern by. • Do this by studying the past. • Follow rituals, which are prescribed for conduct of every day life. • Neglecting ritual demonstrates moral anarchy.

22. Confucianism’s Basic Tenets • Confucius’ teachings have been followed by more people for more generations than any other human being. • Confucianism has influenced the development of Chinese and other East Asian civilizations: Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, etc.

23. What is the chief goal of Confucianism? • An orderly society • Hierarchy • Patriarchy • The Emperor is the father of his people • The past is the model for the present

24. The Shi • An educated gentleman • Kindly to those beneath him • Obedient and respectful to those above him • Criticism of those above is acceptable if done politely • Shi-Bureaucrats

25. Jen • Humaneness • Humanity, benevolence, goodness, virtue • Always follow the highest concepts of behavior, even if impractical or foolish.

26. Te • Moral virtue • All people are basically good

27. The Second Sage • Mencius (Mong Ka) 372-289 BCE • The foremost student of Confucius

28. Righteousness (i) • The humaneness (jen) you show to others is influenced by the type of personal relationship you have to that person. • Jen is displayed according to your positions and to the obligations you owe to the other.

29. Mencius and Confucius compared • Both believed rulers were divinely placed to guarantee peace and order within their realms. • Mencius believed that a ruler who failed to bring about peace and order could be replaced, and the people absolved of loyalty to him. • People are basically good (te)

30. Xunzi (fl 298-238 BCE) • The third great Confucian scholar • Xunzi’s teachings are called “Legalism” • People are fundamentally depraved, selfish, greedy, and lustful

31. How can people be “made” to be good? • people could be made good through acculturation and education • Xunzi’s pupil Han Fei Tzu believed people are made good by state laws

32. Laws should punish all actions that harm others or the state and reward actions that benefit others or the state.

33. Confucianism and Legalism Compared • To Confucius, power is to be wielded for the benefit of the people. • To the Legalists, power was to control individual selfishness

34. Legalism’s Influence • Utilitarianism: people should have occupations that materially benefit others. • “Rule of Law”: Law is supreme over every individual, including rulers • Law must be uniformly applied, regardless of social standings (equality before the law)

35. Daoism • Laozi 606-530 BCE • “The Teachings of the Yellow Emperor and Laozi”

36. Tao te ching • The teachings of Laozi

37. Daoism • Behind all material things and all change in the world lies one fundamental, universal principle: • The Dao (The Way)

38. Characteristics of Daoism • Passivity • Calm • Non-striving (wu wei) • Humility • Lack of Planning

39. A Daoist Government Would: • Not wage war • Not be complex • Not interfere in people’s lives • Serve as a guide, not a governor

40. Later Daoists enocouraged mysticism and magic • Many Chinese doctors were Daoists • Feng Shui is a version of Daoism popular today.

41. Qin Dynasty China 256-206 BCE • Shi Huangdi became “First Emperor” • Conquered most of northern China by 221 BCE

42. Qin Developments • Centralized government under Legalist principles • Standardized weights and measures • Public works and building programs • Great Wall constructed to prevent invasions by Hsiung-nu

43. The Great Wall

45. Qin Cavalryman and horse

46. Bronze Chariot and Horses of Shi Huangdi

47. Tomb of Shi Huangdi

49. Diagram showing tomb as originally constructed

50. Fall of the Qin Dynasty • “Ruthless efficiency” led to harsh, Legalistic rule • Peasant Revolts over heavy taxation, forced labor • Qin collapsed in 206 BC, four years after the death of the First Emperor