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AP Review 7-10

AP Review 7-10. Ch 7: Consciousness. Dualism ( thought & matter ) vs. monism ( all same substance ) Levels of consciousness Subtle effects mere-exposure effect : prefer stimuli we have seen over new stimuli (even if consciously you don’t remember)

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AP Review 7-10

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  1. AP Review 7-10

  2. Ch 7: Consciousness • Dualism (thought & matter) vs. monism (all same substance) • Levels of consciousness • Subtle effects • mere-exposure effect: prefer stimuli we have seen over new stimuli (even if consciously you don’t remember) • Priming: respond quicker if you have seen it before (even if you don’t remember seeing it) • blind sight: blind people can accurately describe the path of a moving object without consciously getting the visual information

  3. Sleep cycle • based on circadian rhythm (24 hr) • Beta Waves • Stage 1 – hypnagogic sensations, alpha waves • Stage 2 – sleep spindles, (theta waves) sleep talking • Stage 3 – some delta waves • Stage 4 – delta sleep (night terrors)- bed wetting • stage 3, 2, then REM sleep (paradoxical sleep) • body paralyzed, mind active

  4. Disorders • insomnia • sleep apnea • narcolepsy • somnambulism (sleep walking) – stage 4 • sleep terrors

  5. Dreams • Psychoanalytic theory • manifest content – story line • latent content – underlying meaning • activation-synthesis theory (pons generates signals) – a biological phenomena - use split brain patients to study • information-processing theory (work through experience– daily concerns) • housekeeping hypothesis (clear unneeded neural connections)

  6. Hypnosis 3 theories • Dissociation– split in consciousness • (Hilgard – hidden observer) • ice water – asked if any part felt cold, raise finger • Role theory (social influence) – hypnotic suggestibility • State Theory – altered state of consciousness – health benefits like pain control • posthypnotic suggestion – behave in a certain way after he is brought out of hypnosis • posthypnotic amnesia – forget events that occurred while hypnotized

  7. Drugs • Must pass blood-brain barrier (protection against chemical intrusion) • Agonists/antagonists • Tolerance/withdrawal • Stimulants • caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine • Depressants • alcohol, barbiturates, anxiolytics (Valium) • alcohol depresses inhibitions • Hallucinogens • marijuana, LSD, mushrooms • often remain in system for years (reverse tolerance – less for effect) • Opiates • morphine, heroin (agonists for endorphins)

  8. Practice Questions

  9. Chapter 8: • Learning – long term change in behavior resulting from experience

  10. Classical conditioning Pavlov – associative learning (contiguity model) • US/UCS • UR • CS • CR • acquisition • generalization • discrimination • extinction • spontaneous recovery • delayed conditioning – bell rings, continues to ring, food presented • less effective • trace conditioning – bell rings, break, food • simultaneous conditioning – bell, food together • backward conditioning – food then bell (ineffective)

  11. Classical conditioning • John B. Watson – human conditioning (Little Albert) aversive conditioning (pairing of unpleasant stimulus with pleasant stimulus) • Higher-order conditioning – first train bell with food, then add light, eventually light alone • Learned taste aversions – biological predisposition Garcia& Koelling – conditioned rats an aversion to saccharin water (salt) rats did not learn aversions as easily to light, etc.

  12. Operant conditioning Law of effect – Thorndike- if consequences of behavior are pleasant, connection is strengthened Skinner– expanded research • Skinner box • Reinforcement • positive reinforcer • negative reinforcer • positive punishment • negative punishment (omission training) • escape learning • avoidance learning • shaping • chaining • primary vs. secondary reinforcers • token economy • Premackprinciple – preferred activity can reinforce non-preferred

  13. Operant conditioning Schedules of reinforcement • Continuous • Partial (intermittent) reinforcement • Fixed ratio • Variable ratio • Fixed interval • Variable interval • Instinctive drift – animals tend to drift toward natural behavior • Rescorla– contingency model (must see cause-effect relationship) adds cognition – must see predictability of result

  14. Other types of Learning Observational learning Bandura – modeling (observation & imitation) • Latent learning Not effortful – becomes obvious when reward is introduced (Tolman) • Abstract learning Generalizing learning • Insight learning Wolfgang Kohler – chimps (naturalistic observation) suddenly realize how to solve a problem

  15. Practice Questions

  16. Chapter 9: Memory Information-Processing Model (3 box ) • Information passes through 3 stages before it is stored • 1. Sensory Memory: • Seconds • George Sperling – experiment of letters flashed • Iconic: “photo” of scene • Echoic: memory for sound

  17. Chapter 9: Memory • 2. Short Term (working memory) • Encoded info from sensory memory • Limited to 7 items  fades within 10-30 seconds • George Miller • Visual , Acoustic or semantic codes • 3. Long Term Memory • Episodic Memory • Semantic Memory • Procedural • Explicit Memories: Declarative – facts /events • Implicit memories: NonDeclarative – skill/ riding a bike

  18. Retrieval • Recognition vs recall • Hermann Ebbinghause– order of items is related to if we will recall • Serial position effect • Primacy – 1st • Recency – last • Don’t remember the middle • Tip of the tongue • Flashbulb memory • Mood congruent memory • State dependent memory

  19. Chapter 10: Thinking & Language • Phonemes – smallest units of sound • 44 in english • Morphemes – smallest unit of meaningful sound • “an-” “pre-” • Syntax – grammar

  20. Language Acquisition • 1st – babbling stage • Use all phoneme • 2nd- 1 word stage (holophrastic) • Age 1 • 3rd: 2 word stage (telegraphic speech) • 18 months • Meaning is clear but syntax is absent • “we goed to the store” • Overgeneralization (overregularization) – misapplication of grammar rules

  21. Behaviorists: language is learned through operant conditioning and shaping • Parents reinforce • Nativist theory: born with language acquisition device • Chomsky • In born

  22. Problem Solving • Algorithms: • Rule that guarantees a right solution • Can be long and impractical • Heuristics: • Availability heuristic: based on examples of similar situations that come to mind quickly • Representativeness heuristic: how similar the aspects are to the prototypes in our minds • Traps: Overconfidence/ Belief bias / belief perseverance

  23. Mental set (rigidity): • Functional fixedness: • Confirmation bias • Framing • Creativity: • Convergent thinking – 1 solution • Divergent thinking – multiple possible answers

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