AP REVIEW

1. AP REVIEW 11- 15

2. Ch 11 - Intelligence Fluid – abstract problem solving – new info/skills Crystallized – using knowledge gained overtime Spearman– g factor - intelligence expressed by a single factor Thurston– seven intelligences Gardner– multiple intelligence linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, natural Goleman– EQ Sternberg– triarchictheory (3) analytical – school smarts experiential/creative – use experience practical – street smarts

3. Ch 11 - IQ tests • Binet– concept of mental age (wanted to help struggling students) • Terman– used Binet’s ideas to create Stanford-Binet test • mental age/chronological age = IQ • Wechsler – WAIS, WISC (deviation IQ, based on norms) • mean IQ=100, standard deviation = 15 • Nature vs. nurture & IQ • Heritability – how much a trait’s variation in a given population is explained by heredity (ranges from 0 to 1) Flynn effect – intelligence test scores have steadily risen in the 20thcentury because of environment Twin research supports idea that intelligence has hereditary component

4. Ch 12 - Motivation • Drive Reduction Theory – primary drives secondary drives Reason – we seek homeostasis • Arousal theory – each person has optimal level • Yerkes-Dodson Law (perform easy task well with high level of arousal, difficult task poorly – similar to social facilitation) • Incentive theory – we are drawn to rewards because of learning • Maslow’s hierarchy – we are motivated to self actualization Lowest – physiological needs Then safety, belongingness & love, esteem Highest – self-actualization

5. Ch 12 - Motivation • Hunger motivation Stimulate lateral hypothalamus – get hungry Stimulate ventromedial hypothalamus – feel full • Set-point theory – hypothalamus seeks optimal body weight, sends hunger signals when we drop below a certain weight, also triggers a lower metabolic rate when we’re hungry Psychological factors: internals/externals disorders: bulimia (binge/purge) anorexia nervosa (starve to below 85% of normal body weight)

6. Ch 12 - Motivation • Social motivation Achievement motivation Extrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation Management theory Theory X – rewards & punishment Theory Y – intrinsic motivation Conflict in motivation approach-approach conflict avoidance-avoidance conflict approach-avoidance conflict

8. Ch 13- Emotion • James-Lange theory – 1st physiological change, then emotion • Cannon-Bard– simultaneous experience of physiology & emotion • Schachter’stwo-factor theory – Similar to James-Lange, adds cognition • Selye’sgeneral adaptation syndrome (GAS) Alarm – resistance – exhaustion Result – stress disorders

9. Chapter 15 – Personality Personality – unique attitudes, behaviors, emotions that characterize a person Key question: stability vs. change Type A vs. Type B (A = competitive, aggressive, volatile) Freudian theory – psychosexual stages Oral – 0-1 year, pleasure from mouth Anal – 1-3 years, pleasure from elimination Phallic – 3-5 years, pleasure from genitals Oedipal complex – boy wants mom, resents dad Castration anxiety Electra complex – girl wants dad, resents mom (not Freud) Penis envy Resolved through identification with same sex parent Latency – 6-puberty, repression of sexual feelings Genital – puberty on, sexual pleasure through relationships Fixations – problem in resolving a stage Oral – overeat, smoke, chew gum Anal – anal retentive (compulsive, overly organized) Anal expulsive (messy, disorganized)

10. Chapter 15 – Personality Id(pleasure principle) Ego(reality principle) – mediates between id and superego Superego– conscience, mores of society Defense mechanisms Repression Denial Displacement Projection Reaction formation Regression Rationalization Sublimation Criticisms of Freud Feminists (Karen Horney – womb envy) Neo-Freudians Adler– birth order, inferiority complex – drive for superiority Carl Jung – collective unconscious

11. Chapter 15 – Personality Trait theories Hans Eysenck– stable-instable, introversion- extraversion scale Raymond Cattell– 16PF (personality factor) - basic in all people Big 5 – OCEAN (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism) Factor analysis – finding clusters of items that differentiate between traits Gordon Allport– cardinal dispositions (traits that clearly identify a person) Central dispositions/secondary dispositions

12. Chapter 15 – Personality Biological theories Temperaments – characteristic way of dealing with the world Social-cognitive theories Bandura – reciprocal determinism (traits, environment, behavior) Self-efficacy – making a difference, getting things done Rotter – locus of control (internal vs. external)

13. Chapter 15 – Personality Humanistic theories People are innately good Self-concept Self-esteem Unconditional positive regard, empathy, genuineness Assessment of personality Projective test – Rorschach, Draw-a-Person, TAT Self-report inventories – MMPI Barnum effect – see self in vague, stock descriptions of personality