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CHAPTER 12 ALKANES General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith

CHAPTER 12 ALKANES General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith. CHAPTER 12: Alkanes. Learning Objectives: Describe alkane characteristics Draw alkanes as full, condensed, and skeletal structures Bond angle around alkane carbons

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CHAPTER 12 ALKANES General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith

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  1. CHAPTER 12 ALKANES General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice GorzynskiSmith

  2. CHAPTER 12: Alkanes • Learning Objectives: • Describe alkane characteristics • Draw alkanes as full, condensed, and skeletal structures • Bond angle around alkane carbons • Draw constitutional isomers and ID longest carbon chain • ID 1°, 2°, 3°, 4° carbons • Name simple alkanes and cycloalkanes • Predict products of combustion & balance reaction equations Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

  3. Alkanes Characteristics • CnH2+2n • Contain only nonpolar C-C & C-H bonds • Will dissolve in non-polar solvents, like hexane • Boiling point of alkanes increase with carbon chain length, because surface area • Weak intermolecular London-Dispersion forces • Only C-C single bonds so rotation can occur around the C-C bond Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

  4. Molecule Shape Drawing Alkanes SIMPLIFY! H H H H H C C C C H H H H H CH3CH2CH2CH3 Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

  5. Molecule Shape Drawing Alkanes Example: Isobutane CH3 CH3CH CH3 Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

  6. Alkanes Bond Rotation: Conformational Isomers Rotation occurs around the C-C bond Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

  7. Alkanes Constitutional Isomers Butane Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

  8. Alkanes Longest Carbon Chain 1 2 1 1 3 3 4 2 2 4 5 3 5 6 4 6 7 5 Longest Carbon Chain Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

  9. Group Problem Identify Longest Carbon Chain

  10. Alkanes 1°, 2°, 3°, 4° R H R R C C C C H R H R R R R R H H H R 1° 2° 3° 4° R = a non Hydrogen atom Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

  11. Group Problem Characterize each carbon center as 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°

  12. Nomenclature Alkanes 6 4 2 3 5 1 + + prefix parent suffix What, where are the substituents? Example: 2,4- dimethyl prefix How many carbons in longest chain? Example: hex parent What is the functional group? Example: ane suffix 2,4-dimethylhexane Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

  13. Nomenclature Cycloalkanes 6 5 1 4 2 3 + cyclo- prefix + suffix + parent What, where are the substituents? Example: 2,4- dimethyl prefix How many carbons in the ring? Example: hex parent What is the functional group? Example: ane suffix 1,3-dimethylcyclohexane Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

  14. Group Problem Practice Naming

  15. Alkanes Combustion heat + CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O • Applying heat in the presence of oxygen will break C-H bonds and form C-O bonds • Oxidation: increase in the number of C-O bonds or a decrease in C-H bonds • Reduction: decrease in the number of C-O bonds or increase in the number of C-H bonds Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

  16. Group Problem heat + C3H8 + ?O2 ?

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