Diverse Children:

1. Diverse Children: Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration in America’s New Non-Majority Generation by Donald J. Hernandez, Ph.D. Hunter College, City University of New York Donald.Hernandez@hunter.cuny.edu Congressional Briefing: Children of Immigrants and Improving Outcomes for America’s New Non-Majority Child Population Sponsored by Representative Judy Chu, the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus, the Congressional Hispanic Caucus, and the Congressional Black Caucus in cooperation with The Foundation for Child Development & First Focus

2. Slide 2. Introduction First-ever report for U.S. comparing well-being … for children with immigrant parents … to children with U.S.-born parents, … for White, Hispanic, Black, and Asian children 19 indicators focused on: * Educational attainments * Health * Family economic resources * Demographics

3. Slide 3. Diversity among U.S. Children • A majority of births are to non-White mothers • 25% of all children have at least one immigrant parent • 94% of children with immigrant parents, have origins in Latin America, Asia, Africa, or the Caribbean • 89% of children with immigrant parents are U.S. citizens • By 2018 a majority of children will belong to non-White minority groups

4. Slide 4. Data Sources for 19 Indicators • National Assessment of Educational Progress • Current Population Survey (micro data) • National Health Interview Survey (micro data) • National Vital Statistics System (micro data)

5. Slide 5. Children of Immigrants as a Percentage of Four Race-Ethnic Groups • 8% of Whites (1-in-12) • 14% of Blacks (1-in-7) • 59% of Hispanics (Nearly 6-in-10) • 87% of Asians (Nearly 9-in-10)

6. Slide 6 Percent Not Proficient in Reading, U.S. 4thGrade Students: 2011 83 84 79 83 80 100 90 English is Not Primary Language in Home 65 70 55 60 51 51 50 English is Primary Language in Home 40 30 20 10 0 White Hispanic Black Asian Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

7. Slide 7. Percent Not Proficient in Mathematics, U.S. 4thGrade Students: 2011 83 76 80 100 90 82 76 English is Not Primary Language in Home 70 56 60 47 43 50 35 English is Primary Language in Home 40 30 20 10 0 White Hispanic Black Asian Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

8. Slide 8. Percent Enrolled in PreKindergarten, U.S. Children Ages 3-4: 2010 100 90 80 70 55 54 54 53 60 52 50 Immigrant Parents U.S.-Born Parents 50 42 37 40 30 20 10 0 White Hispanic Black Asian Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

9. Slide 9. Percent with Secure Parental Employment, U.S. Children: 2010 100 90 81 77 77 77 80 64 70 61 61 60 50 Immigrant Parents U.S.-Born Parents 50 40 30 20 10 0 White Hispanic Black Asian Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

10. Slide 10. Percent in One-Parent Families, U.S. Children: 2010 100 90 80 70 61 60 Immigrant Parents U.S.-Born Parents 50 41 39 40 29 23 30 22 15 13 20 10 0 White Hispanic Black Asian Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

11. Slide 11. Percent with Low Birthweight, U.S. Births: 2009 100 90 80 70 60 Immigrant Mother U.S.-Born Mother 50 40 30 14.5 20 9.4 8.9 8.4 8.0 7.3 6.4 6.2 10 0 White Hispanic Black Asian Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

12. Slide 12. Infant Mortality Rate, Deaths under Age 1, per 1,000 Births, U.S.: 2007 100 90 80 70 60 Immigrant Mother U.S.-Born Mother 50 40 30 13.8 20 10.4 6.7 6.1 5.8 5.0 4.9 4.4 10 0 White Hispanic Black Asian Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

13. Slide 13. Child Mortality Rate, Deaths to Children Ages 1-19 per 100,000: 2009 100 90 80 70 60 50 Immigrant 39 33 40 31 29 26 U.S.-Born 30 22 19 20 5 10 0 White Hispanic Black Asian Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

14. Slide 14. Percent Not Covered by Health Insurance, U.S. Children: 2010 100 90 80 70 60 Immigrant Parents U.S.-Born Parents 50 40 30 19 15 20 12 11 10 10 7 7 10 0 White Hispanic Black Asian Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

15. Slide 15. Percent in Poverty, U.S. Children: 2010 100 90 80 70 60 Immigrant Parents U.S.-Born Parents 50 39 38 40 30 28 30 15 15 14 12 20 10 0 White Hispanic Black Asian Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

16. Slide 16. Percent in Poverty or Near-Poverty, U.S. Children: 2010 100 90 80 71 65 70 55 55 60 Immigrant Parents U.S.-Born Parents 50 34 32 40 31 29 30 20 10 0 White Hispanic Black Asian Source: Hernandez and Napierala (2013)

17. Slide 17. Conclusions • Children of immigrants more often have two-parent families, a securely employed parent, and healthy birth outcomes. • But they have lower rates of enrollment in PreKindergarten and health insurance. • For all groups, poverty it too high, reading and math proficiency are too low, PreKindergarten enrollment is too low, and health insurance coverage is too low. • Hispanic and Black children fare especially poorly on poverty, secure parental employment, education, and later health. • Additional investments are needed in all children, especially children of immigrants and Hispanic and Black children.

18. Diverse Children: Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration in America’s New Non-Majority Generation by Donald J. Hernandez, Ph.D. Hunter College, City University of New York Donald.Hernandez@hunter.cuny.edu Congressional Briefing: Children of Immigrants and Improving Outcomes for America’s New Non-Majority Child Population Sponsored by Representative Judy Chu, the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus, the Congressional Hispanic Caucus, and the Congressional Black Caucus in cooperation with The Foundation for Child Development & First Focus