Bellringer for 10/9/12

1. Bellringer for 10/9/12 • What characteristics are needed for something to be considered modern? • 3-5 sentences

2. Europe—Modern History Chapter 5

3. The Modern Era Emerges Section 1

4. A Rapidly Changing World • The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1700s. • This was a time when people used machinery and new methods to increase productivity • Productivity a measure of how much work can be done in a certain length of time.

5. Reasons for Industrial Revolution • Ready supply of natural resources • Coal and iron • Needed to make and run machinery • Supply of raw materials • Wool and imported cotton • Supply of people • Human resources could run machines

6. Major Industries • Textiles woven cloth • First industry to use factories • textiles has previously been a cottage industry • Cottage industry family members supplied their own equipment to make goods. • Thomas Newcomen • Invented steam engine in early 1700s • James Watt • Invented a more efficient steam engine • Used for textile mills, riverboats and locomotives

7. Changing Lifestyles • Industrial workers, including women and children, had to work long hours, often under dangerous conditions • Eventually workers formed groups called unions • Unions spoke for all the workers in a factory of industry and bargained for better working conditions, higher pay, and a shorter working day • Strike workers refuse to work until their demands were met.

8. Rivalry Between Nations • Imperialism • European nations claimed colonies in Africa and Asia • Nations built up armies and navies to protect their empires • Alliances were formed.

10. Bellringer 10/10/12 • World War I was called the “war to end all wars”. Why do you think this is the case? • 3-5 sentences

11. World War I • 1914 war broke out • Known as “The Great War” or World War I • Tanks, heavy artillery, machine guns, air planes

15. New Problems Arise • After the war, millions were homeless and hungry • Germany was blamed for starting the war and was asked to pay for much of it

16. Communism • A revolution in Russia in 1917 led to a new political, economic, and social system called Communism • Based on teachings of Karl Marx • Industrialization had created 2 social classes • Those who owned the means to produce goods • Those who worked to produce goods • He felt this system was unfair and needed to be overthrown

18. World War II • 1930s, a world wide depression • Germany had become a dictatorship • Led by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Party • Its members, called Nazis, believed in German superiority • By 1939 war had broken out • Axis Powers • Germany • Italy • Japan • Allied Powers • Great Britain • France • China

21. World War II • In 1941, the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies in the war that became known as World War II. • During the war, Hitler carried out the Holocaust • 12 million people killed • 6 million Jews • Gypsies, Poles, and individuals with disabilities also executed. • Genocide mass murder of people because of race, religion, ethnicity, politics, or culture

25. World War II • Italy surrendered in 1943 • Germany was defeated in May 1945 • August 1945, U.S. dropped two atomic bombs on Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki • United States and Soviet Union emerged as super powers.

26. Bellringer for 10/11/12 • What was the Holocaust and why was it such a bad event? • 3-5 sentences

30. A Divided Continent Section 2

31. The Cold War • Cold War • The global competition between the United States and its democratic allies against the Communist Soviet Union and its supporters • Nuclear weapons • Use atomic reactions to release enormous power and can cause mass destruction. • This was called a “cold war” because the countries never mobilized armies in an official war

32. The Cold War • Marshall Plan • 1948 • The U.S. started a loan program • Goals • Help rebuild Europe • Stop the spread of Communism • Reopen mines • Repair and replace roads

33. Western Europe Cooperates • Truman Doctrine • 1948 • U.S. offers military aid to countries such as Greece and Turkey that were fighting communism inside their borders

34. Western Europe Cooperates • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • Every country in NATO agreed to treat an attack on any other member as an attack on itself • The NATO countries believed that the Soviet Union would not attack Western Europe because this could trigger a nuclear war with the United States

35. Benelux Trade Union • Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg joined an alliance in 1948 • Promoted free movement of money, goods, and people

36. European Coal and Steel Community • West Germany, France, and Italy joined the Benelux countries to form the European Coal and Steel Community • 1958 this became the European Economic Community • Also called the Common Market • Members agreed to free trade amongst themselves • No tariffs to block trade

37. European Union • Between 1958 and 1986 these countries joined • Denmark • United Kingdom • Ireland • Spain • Portugal • Greece

38. Soviets Control Eastern Europe • The Soviet Union made satellite nations of those bordering it • Satellite nations dependent upon a stronger power • Bulgaria, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Easter Germany • Each strictly controlled by the Soviets

40. The Soviet Union • To counter NATO, the Soviets formed its satellites into an anti-Western military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact in 1955 • This was named after the Polish capital in which the alliance was signed

41. The Cold War • Hot Spots of the Cold War • China • Korea • Cuba • Vietnam

42. A Divided Berlin • At the end of WWII, the Allies occupied Germany and it was divided into four occupation zones • Soviet Union controlled the eastern part • Allies controlled other 3 parts • In 1948, in an effort to promote peace and German recovery, the U.S., Great Britain, and France united their occupation zones • Soviets were against any plan that united or helped the Germans

44. A Divided Berlin • June 1948 • Soviets blockaded all land and water traffic into the western part of Berline • U.S. and Great Britain began an airlift • Airlift system of carrying supplies into West Berlin by airplane • The Soviet blockade ended after 11 months • Bonn will become the capital of West Germany • East Berlin will be the capital of East Germany

46. The Berlin Wall • Many people under East German rule were unhappy with the communist government • 3 million people fled to West Berlin in search of political freedom and better living conditions • August 1961, the government built a 103 mil wall between East and West Berlin

48. Freedom for Eastern Europe • During the Cold War, the economies of Eastern Europe began to suffer • 1985 • Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union • He loosened government control over the people and satellite nations • These reforms unleashed a desire for independence

50. Freedom for Eastern Europe • The first successful challenge to communist rule came in Poland • 1989, Polish communists lost power as a result of a democratic election • In East Germany, massive protests caused the countries communist government to resign • The Berlin Wall came down in 1990 • Soviet Union officially broke up on December 25, 1991