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Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration. Energy and Life 8-1 Page 201. To live and perform life functions all organisms need…. The sun is the original source of energy for all living things. ENERGY!. Autotrophs Able to make their own food using the sun’s energy. Heterotrophs

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Cellular Respiration

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  1. CellularRespiration

  2. Energy and Life8-1Page 201

  3. To live and perform life functions all organisms need… The sun is the original source of energy for all living things. ENERGY! Autotrophs Able to make their own food using the sun’s energy. Heterotrophs Get their energy from feeding on autotrophs or other heterotrophs.

  4. The food eaten must be turned into a chemical form to be used for life processes. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) the main chemical compound that cells use to store and release energy ATP ATP ATP ATP

  5. Energy from ATP powers: • - active transport across cell membranes • - synthesis of proteins & nucleic acids • - responses to chemicals at the cell surface • - can even be used to produce light

  6. ATP is made up 3 parts: adenine 5-carbon sugar called ribose three phosphate groups adenine ribose phosphate groups P P P

  7. Phosphate groups are the key to ATPs ability to store and release energy. • Energy is stored in the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate. adenine ribose P P P phosphate groups

  8. When the 3rd phosphate breaks off it is called ADP (adenosine diphosphate) adenine ribose P P P phosphate groups

  9. Breaking the chemical bond between the 2nd & 3rd phosphate RELEASES energy. adenine ribose ENERGY! P P P phosphate groups ATP ADP

  10. Breaking the chemical bond between the 2nd & 3rd phosphate RELEASES energy. P adenine ribose ENERGY! P P phosphate groups ADP ATP • Adding the chemical bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate STORES energy.

  11. Most cells have only a small amount of ATP, enough to last them for a few seconds of activity. • ATP’s ability to “recharge” is very important to its usefulness. ADP ATP Energy Energy Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Partially charged battery Fully charged battery

  12. ATP is great for transferring energy, not good for long term energy storage. A single molecule of glucose stores 90 times the chemical energy of one molecule of ATP. Cells regenerate ATP from ADP as needed.

  13. Cellular Respiration Mitochondrion Electrons carried in NADH Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview Pyruvic acid Glucose Electron Transport Chain Krebs Cycle Glycolysis Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Total ATP molecules formed during cellular respiration = 36 ATP Net gain of 2 ATP Net gain of 34 ATP

  14. CELLULARRESPIRATION 6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy Oxygen + Glucose  Carbon + Water + Energy (ATP) Dioxide

  15. Where did that glucose come from? ?

  16. CELLULARRESPIRATION After glycolosis, there are two possible pathways depending on the presence or absence of O2

  17. ChemicalPathwaysofCellularRespiration Glucose Krebs cycle Electrontransport Glycolysis Fermentation (without oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid

  18. CELLULARRESPIRATION • If oxygen is present aerobic respiration will begin • If oxygen is not present anaerobic respiration will occur

  19. AfterGlycolysiscont. If oxygen is not present one of two types of anaerobic respiration or Fermentation takes place; • Alcoholic Fermentation • Lactic Acid Fermentation • Requires NADH to convert pyruvic acid into lactic acid

  20. TheKrebsCycle If oxygen is present aerobic respiration begins The Krebs Cycle begins when the two molecules of pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis enter the Mitochondria and with the help of enzymes form Citric Acid. As a result the Krebs cycle is also referred to as the Citric Acid

  21. TheKrebsCyclecont. Energy Extraction; The citric acid is broken down into carbon compounds and the following are released; • 2 ATP • 6 molecules of CO2 • Electron carriers (NADH and FADH2)

  22. TheKrebsCyclecont. Citric Acid Production Mitochondrion

  23. ElectronTransportChain The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons (donated electron carriers NADH and FADH2) from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP. • High-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed along the electron transport chain (carrier proteins). • An enzyme at the end of the electron transport chain combines electrons with hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water. • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. • Releases 6H2O and 32 molecules of ATP

  24. Cellular Respiration Total ATP produced= 36

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