Antigua and Barbuda 22 March 2011

1. Difficulties encountered BY LDCs in the use of nai GUIDELINES AND lessons learnt in overcoming these difficulties Antigua and Barbuda 22 March 2011 CGW workshop presentation

2. Slide Title • Presentation Outline • Introduction • The Context of LDC, and the NC Guidelines • Conclusion, and • Challenges

3. INTRODUTION CONCEPT The UN classifies countries as “least developed” based on three main criteria: • Annual gross domestic product (GDP) below $900 per capita; or low income countries • Quality of life, based on life expectancy at birth, per capita calorie intake, primary and secondary school enrollment rates, and adult literacy; week human asserts • High Economic vulnerability, based on instability of agricultural productions and exports, inadequate diversification, and economic smallness. The least developed countries are estimated to live at or below the absolute poverty line of U.S. $1 per day.

4. LDC COUNTIES • The group of least developed countries, as defined by the United Nations General Assembly its comprises 48 Countries: • 33 are in Africa; • 09 in Asia; • 01 in Latin America and the Caribbean, and; • 05 in Oceania • 16 LDCs are Landlocked • 12 are Small Islands • The group includes 48 countries - Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Yemen and Zambia

5. SAME FINDINGS AND INDICATORS OF LDC COUNTRIES • The population in LDC Countries its estimated to be up to 818 milions • Expenditure on public health as % of GDP =2.0 • Under-five mortality (per 1,000 live births 220 • Life expectancy at birth (years) 48.1 • Projected number of people living in extreme poverty by 2015 =470 million • Total debt burden for LDCs increased to a record $158.9 billion in 2003, up from $20.8 billion in 2001;

6. SAME FINDINGS AND INDICATORS OF LDC COUNTRIES • Infrastructure and Communication • few LDCs met the target of five telephone lines per 1,000 inhabitants in 2010; • In 2000, there were only 7 LDCs with one or more Internet connections per 100 inhabitants. In 2006, the use has grown by 3 to 10 times but still below 1 per 100 in 25 LDCs; • Road length has been increased by at least 20% since 1990 in 13 LDCs; • Education • The target of 50% adult literacy by 2015 has been met for women in 26 of 33 LDCs. For men, the target has been met in only 10 of 32 LDCs with trend data.

7. DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES • Development of Agriculture • Improvement of Infrastructure • Combate iliteracia • Improvement of Health and Sanitation • Development of Local Industries • Tourism and Wildlife Management • Strengthen of local Institutions • Rural Development • Combanting Poverty

8. GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARATION FOR NON-ANNEX I PARTIES • Reporting through national communications is the Convention‟s primary source of information on Parties‟ implementation of commitments and collective progress toward meeting its ultimate objective. • The Convention in Article 10 recognizes the importance of this information for assessing “the aggregated effect of the steps taken by the Parties in the light of the latest scientific assessments concerning climate change.”

9. GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS PREPARATION FOR NON-ANNEX I PARTIES • National Circumstancies • LDCs have little difficulties in compiling information on their geography, economy, population and development priorities. • Institutional arrangements for preparing NC on a continual basis present a lot of problems because of weak human and institutional capacities • National GHG Inventories • Insufficient activity data, • Over dependent on default emission factors • Insufficient expertise to use the UNFCCC software • limited access to computers, internet,

10. MITIGATION ASSESSMENT • Based on national circumstances, non-Annex I Parties are encouraged to use whatever methods are available and appropriate in order to formulate and prioritize programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change. (This should be done within the framework of sustainable development objectives, which should include social, economic and environmental factors) • Sectors like: • Agriculture, and forest managemente • Energy and transport • The use of appropriate models and tools is a challenge and additional capacity building is needed

11. VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATIONS • Approriate programmes with mesures to reduce the vulnerability and adapt, in relation to climate change • Highly vulnerable to the adverse impact of climate change • Agriculture • Water resources • Coastal zone and infrastucture • Natural Ecosystems • The use of models and tools, as well as apropriate data are the main constraints for reporting of this component in NC

12. NAPA AND NC • LDC countries are sucessifully elaborating their NAPAs (National Adaptation Plan of Action) only 3 close to conclude • The implementation of NAPAs is coming with very good results in some countries. • Houver NAPAs deals with imediate adaptation needs and NC deals with Medium and long term needs,

13. OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION • Tecnology Transfere, • Education, (article 6) • RSO, • Cpacity buinding, • Integration of Climate Change into development programmes • Insufucient activity data and limeted capacity, is a challenge for reporting in NC

14. CONCLUSIONS • The use of guidelines for National Comunication have been followed by LDCs, according to National Circuntances and different capabilities; • The ilitaracy, difficoult comunication, poer infracture, and others as been a problem for most of LDCs; • The use of so meny models is a constrain, most of the capacity buildind activities have been dane for one week, and its not sufficient to meet the guidlines requirments; • For some countries the use of emission factors in GHG inventories is a constraint; • Remain a chanllenge for many countries, how to integrate reported activities in development programmes and different institutions; • Cooperation among the LDC countries its an important element for improvment of the reporting among LDCs

15. LESSONS AND CHALLENGES • The use of Guidlines on National Comunication for Non Annex one countries for LDCs its learning Process, wich just need time and more capacity buinding activities to overcame same challengs that those countries still facing • Additional funds are required for the LDCs to meet they requirments reportings on NC using the existing guidlines • The elaboration of National Comunications in LDCs Countries heve been helping the process of gathering data and improve skills capacity