Antigua and Barbuda 1 – 4 March 2011 Carlos Fuller Deputy Director

1. Linking Ozone Layer Protection, Climate Change and Energy EfficiencyCaribbean Ozone Officers Meeting Antigua and Barbuda1 – 4 March 2011 Carlos Fuller Deputy Director

2. The Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre • Endorsed by the CARICOM Heads of Government in July 2002 • An intergovernmental specialized agency of CARICOM with an independent management that is guided by • The CARICOM Council of Trade and Economic Development (COTED) on policy matters. • A board of directors with responsibility for strategic planning. • A technical secretariat headed by an Executive Director with responsibility for tactical planning. • The Centre is mandated to coordinate the regional response to climate change and its efforts to manage and adapt to its projected impacts. • The Centre possesses full juridical personality. • Financially independent • Operational since January 2004 • Located in Belmopan, Belize

3. Members • Antigua and Barbuda • Bahamas • Barbados • Belize • Dominica • Grenada • Guyana • Haiti • Jamaica • Suriname • Saint Lucia • St. Kitts and Nevis • St. Vincent & the Grenadines • Trinidad and Tobago

4. Functional Organogram

5. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) • Ultimate Objective: “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system…within a timeframe sufficient to allow eco-systems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.”

6. UNFCCC – Developed Countries • Commitment - To return individually or jointly to their 1990 levels of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) by 2000 • In fact, their emissions have risen • Developing countries have no such commitment

7. Kyoto Protocol • Parties included in Annex I (developed countries) shall reduce their overall emissions of GHGs by at least 5% below their 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012 • Came into effect on 16 February 2005 when 50 Parties representing 55% of global GHG emissions ratified • US withdrew

8. Greenhouse Gases (GHG) • Carbon dioxide (CO2) • Methane (CH4) • Nitrous oxide (N2O) • Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) • Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) • Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

9. Sectors/Source Categories • Energy • Forestry • Industrial Processes • Agriculture • Waste • Solvent and other product use

10. Flexibility Mechanisms • Joint Implementation (Article 4) • Emissions Trading (Article 6) • Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (Article 12)

11. Purpose of the CDM (Article 12.2) • To assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development and achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention • To assist developed countries in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments

12. However… • Jamaica only CARICOM country hosting a CDM project • Wind energy • Emissions from CARICOM Members very low: 62,896,000 metric tons of CO2 equivalent in 2007 • Caribbean: 0.29% of global emissions • Trinidad & Tobago: 0.13% of global emissions • Dominica: <0.01% of global emissions

13. Estimate of GHG Emissions in the Caribbean in 2007

14. CDM DNA Capacity Building Project • Pilot component • Belize, Cuba and Trinidad &Tobago executed nationally • Regional component • Training workshops • Develop 3 CDM Programme of Activities (PoA) project concepts PINs and PDDs • Raise awareness of CDM

15. PoAs • Low emissions • Small countries • Small populations • Small economies • Low levels of industrialization • Result: SMALL PROJECTS • ANSWER: Bundling projects: Programmatic CDM

16. Opportunities • Rural Electrification • Demand side Management: Conversion of incandescent light bulbs to compact fluorescent • Municipal electrification by solar power • Tourism sector • Sanitary landfills • Afforestation and reforestation

17. Kyoto Protocol • First Commitment Period: 2008- 2012 • Art. 3.9: CMP shall initiate consideration of commitments for subsequent periods at least 7 years before the end of the first commitment period • 2005: CMP established the AWG-KP to define “subsequent commitment period(s), targets, …) • Negotiations commenced … • New commitment period(s) • New gases? • New sectors? • International aviation and marine transport • New Parties? • What to do about the USA? • No agreement yet…

18. Future? • EU will purchase credits from any projects initiated prior to 31 December 2012 • Japan will purchase credits post 2012 • EU will purchase credits from LDCs post 2012 for European Trading Scheme (ETS) • Voluntary markets will continue • Mechanisms in Kyoto Protocol incorporated in any new instrument

19. RESPONSES • MITIGATION - • taking measures to reduce GHG emissions into the atmosphere. Present conc. Of GHG at about 387 ppm – need to get global emissions down to about 350ppm to avoid “runaway CC” • Adaptation – • taking measures to lessen the impacts of CC on e.g. agriculture, infrastructure, buildings, health, water. • Montreal Protocol to phase out ODS

20. OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES • ChloroFlouroCarbons –CFCs • HydroChloroFlouroCarbons –HCFCs • Methyl Chloroform • Halons – Bromine,Flourine, Carbon • Methyl Bromide • Carbon Tetrachloride HydroFlouroCarbons(HFCs) & PerFlouroCarbons(PFCs) thought to be good replacements for ODS but are effective GHGs

21. Montreal Protocol & Climate Change • Since 1990 Carbon mitigation benefits of the Ozone Treaty equivalent of 135 billion tons carbon dioxide – effect delay of global warming of 7-12 yrs. (2007) • UNEP Executive Director – re phasing out of HFCs – action to freeze and then reduce this group of gases could buy the world the equivalent of a decades worth of carbon dioxide emissions • HCFC phase out has potential to produce significant climate benefits at low cost.

22. Caribbean Regional Climate Change Policy • Climate Change and the Caribbean: A Regional Framework for Achieving Development Resilient to Climate Change (2009-2015) • Approved by CARICOM Heads of Government in May 2009 • 4 strategic elements • National consultations for regional action plan underway

23. The Framework • Strategic Element 1: Mainstream climate change adaptation strategies into the sustainable development agendas • Goal 6: Reduce the region’s carbon footprint through the promotion of energy efficiency measures. • Caribbean uses 200% more energy per unit of GDP compared to best practices • Opportunities in lighting, cooling, transportation and industrial production

24. The Framework • Strategic Element 2: Promote actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through fossil fuel reduction and conservation and switching to renewable and cleaner energy sources • Goal 1: Promote the use of renewable energy resources • Goal 2: Support the assessment of wind potential to supply electricity • Goal 3: Support the development of innovative financing mechanisms for the deployment of solar water heaters • Goal 4: Assess the feasibility of converting waste to energy • Goal 5: Assess the economic viability of environmental impact of shore-based Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plants

25. The Framework • Strategic Element 4: Promote actions to derive social, economic and environmental benefits from the prudent management of standing forests • Goal 1: Promote the adoption of best practices for sustainable forest management • Goal 2: Engage in negotiations with international partners to mobilize resources for the protection of standing forests • Goal 3: Undertake research aimed at improving current methodologies for estimating carbon sequestration rates in tropical forests

26. GREEN BUILDINGS • Design for • Efficient lighting • Compact fluorescent bulbs generate less heat • Efficient cooling • reflective roofs • ventilation • Materials use • Reusable • Renewable (wood) • Recyclabe

27. GREEN BUILDINGS • Design for maximum ventilation – high ceilings, open verandahs ,shading etc. Unfortunately security considerations have had significant impact on modern designs – “Barricade mentality” • Solar water heating, solar cooling. • Photovoltaic technology • Water conservation devices –waterless composting toilets • Recycling grey water • Energy conservation (demand & supply side management)

28. ENERGY • Supply side management • Renewables – wind, solar, geothermal, hydro, cogeneration (Bagasse), landfill gas • Increased efficiency in generating plant – decrease transmission costs • Policy framework to facilitate private generation • Demand side management • Energy efficient appliances • Energy saving bulbs • Energy saving devices e.g hotel rooms • Behavioral changes – efficiency measures

29. Planning Measures • Assignments of new setback limits and enforce • Shoreline vegetation –mangrove restoration, conservation of wetlands • Elevation of building • Prohibit building in hazard zones • Slope stabilisation • Green transport

30. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IS NOT ONLY AN ENVIRONMENTAL NECESSITY IT MAKES ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SENSE

31. CARBON NEUTRAL TOURISM PROJECT IN THE CARIBBEAN • Funding by the Inter-American Development Bank • Pilots in Bahamas, Belize, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago • Adapt ISO methodology to the Caribbean • Train national auditors in use of new methodology • Ultimate objective: Branding Caribbean Tourism as Green Destination

32. Cancun Agreements • No decision yet on the Kyoto Protocol • Ad Hoc Working Group on Long Term Commitments (AWG-LCA) • All countries undertake mitigation actions (Funding & technology to be provided) • Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) to achieve deviation below BAU by 2020 • US$30 billion: 2010-2012 for adaptation and mitigation • US$100 billion: by 2020 for mitigation • Support to be provided for REDD+

33. Contact Information • Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC), Lawrence Nicholas Building, PO Box 563, Ring Road, Belmopan, Belize • www.caribbeanclimate.bz • cfuller@caribbeanclimate.bz • cfuller@btl.net