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Introduction to Mirrors

Explore the principles of mirrors in physics, covering reflection, refraction, and image formation in flat and curved mirrors. Learn how to locate images, identify virtual images, and understand mirror types such as concave and convex. Discover applications of mirrors, including the concept of focal length.

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Introduction to Mirrors

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  1. Physics 102: Lecture 16 Introduction to Mirrors • Today’s lecture will cover Textbook Sections 23.1-2, 7-8 Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 1

  2. Light incident on an object • Absorption • Reflection (bounces)** • See it • Mirrors • Refraction (bends) • Lenses • Often some of each Everything true for wavelengths << object size

  3. qi qr Reflection Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection qi = qr (Angles between light beam and normal) Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 3

  4. Object Location • Light rays from sun bounce off object and go in all directions • Some hit your eyes We know object’s location by where rays come from. • Color: some light is absorbed by object before bouncing off. Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 4

  5. qr qi Flat Mirror • All you see is what reaches your eyes • You thinkobject’s location is where rays appear to come from. Smooth Mirror All rays originating from peak will appear to come from same point behind mirror! Image Object Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 5

  6. Flat Mirror (1) Draw first ray perpendicular to mirror 0 = qi = qr (2) Draw second ray at angle. qi = qr (3) Lines appear to intersect a distance d behind mirror. This is the image location. Example Light rays don’t really converge there, so it’s a “______________” d Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 6

  7. qr qi d Flat Mirror (1) Draw first ray perpendicular to mirror 0 = qi = qr (2) Draw second ray at angle. qi = qr (3) Lines appear to intersect a distance d behind mirror. This is the image location. Example Light rays don’t really converge there, so it’s a “Virtual Image” Virtual: No light actually gets here d Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 7

  8. Flat Mirror Summary • Image appears: • Upright • Same size • Located same distance from, but behind, mirror • Facing opposite direction: Left/Right inverted • Virtual Image:Light rays don’t actually intersect at image location. Preflight 16.1 • Why do ambulances have “AMBULANCE” written backwards? Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 8

  9. Flat Mirror Summary • Image appears: • Upright • Same size • Located same distance from, but behind, mirror • Facing opposite direction: Left/Right inverted • Virtual Image:Light rays don’t actually intersect at image location. Preflight 16.1 • Why do ambulances have “AMBULANCE” written backwards? So you can read it in your rear-view mirror! Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 9

  10. mirror (You) (Fido) Preflight 16.3 Can you see Fido’s tail in mirror? Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 10

  11. mirror Preflight 16.3 Can you see Fido’s tail in mirror? No! You need light rays from the tail to bounce off mirror and reach your eye! (You) (Fido) Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 11

  12. ACT: Flat Mirrors You are standing in front of a short flat mirror which is placed too high, so you can see above your head, but only down to your knees. To see your shoes, you must move (1) closer to the mirror. (2) further from the mirror. (3) to another mirror. Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 12

  13. ACT: Flat Mirrors You are standing in front of a short flat mirror which is placed too high, so you can see above your head, but only down to your knees. To see your shoes, you must move (1) closer to the mirror. (2) further from the mirror. (3) to another mirror. Changing distance doesn’t change what you see of yourself Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 13

  14. Two Mirrors Example How many images of money will you see (not including the actual money)? Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 14

  15. 2 3 1 Two Mirrors Example How many images of money will you see (not including the actual money)? Homework lets you quantify positions of the money. Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 15

  16. Concave mirror light ray R principal axis • C R light ray Convex mirror R principal axis • C Curved mirrors A Spherical Mirror: section of a sphere. C = Center of curvature In front of concave mirror, behind convex mirror. Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 16

  17. Preflight 16.2 An organic chemistry student accidentally drops a glass marble into a silver nitrate mirroring solution, making the outside of the marble reflective. What kind of mirror is this? (1) concave (2) convex (3) flat Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 17

  18. Preflight 16.2 An organic chemistry student accidentally drops a glass marble into a silver nitrate mirroring solution, making the outside of the marble reflective. What kind of mirror is this? (1) concave (2) convex (3) flat Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 18

  19. Focus f=R/2 Concave Mirror R Principal Axis Rays are bent towards the principal axis. Rays parallel to principal axis and near the principal axis (“paraxial rays”) all reflect so they pass through the “Focus” (F). The distance from F to the center of the mirror is called the “Focal Length” (f). Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 19

  20. Preflight 16.4, 16.5 What kind of spherical mirror can be used to start a fire? concave convex How far from the paper to be ignited should the mirror be held? farther than the focal length closer than the focal length at the focal length Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 20

  21. Preflight 16.4, 16.5 What kind of spherical mirror can be used to start a fire? concave convex How far from the paper to be ignited should the mirror be held? farther than the focal length closer than the focal length at the focal length Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 21

  22. F F Concave Mirror Principal Axis Rays traveling through focus before hitting mirror are reflected parallel to Principal Axis. Rays traveling parallel to Principal Axis before hitting mirror are reflected through focus Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 22

  23. Convex Mirror R Principal Axis Focus f=-R/2 Rays are bent away from the principal axis. Rays parallel to principal axis and near the principal axis (“paraxial rays”) all reflect so they appear to originate from the “Focus” (F). The distance from F to the center of the mirror is called the “Focal Length” (f). Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 23

  24. ACT: Mirror Focal Lengths A concave mirror has a positive focal length f > 0 A convex mirror has a negative focal length f < 0 What is the focal length of a flat mirror? (1) f =0 (2) f = ∞ Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 24

  25. ACT: Mirror Focal Lengths A concave mirror has a positive focal length f > 0 A convex mirror has a negative focal length f < 0 What is the focal length of a flat mirror? (1) f =0 (2) f = ∞ The flatter the mirror, the larger the radius of curvature, (e.g. the earth is round, but looks flat) Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 25

  26. See you later! • Read Textbook Sections: 23.3, 8 Physics 102: Lecture 16, Slide 26

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