Chapter 12 Sound

1. Chapter 12 Sound Hr Physics

2. Sound Vibrations in matter. No one need be around to hear it. Composed of Compressions & Rarefactions. Compressions are regions of high molecular density and high pressure. Rarefactions are regions of low molecular density and low pressure. There is no sound in vacuum

4. Tone vs Noise A Tone is a regular repeating vibration. Noise is irregular messed up vibrations.

5. Pitch Pitch is the highness or lowness of a tone and depends upon the number of cycles/sec (frequency). Audible – 20 to 20 000 Hz Less than 20 Hz – infrasonic Greater than 20 000 Hz – ultrasonic Quality of sound depends upon the number and strength of the harmonics. Why one instrument sounds different than another when playing the same note.

7. Speed of Sound Depends on medium. Solids faster than liquids faster than gases. Generally.

16. Intensity of a Spherical Wave intensity = P 4 π r2 intensity = __(power) (4π) (distance from source)2

17. Concept Check Calculate the intensity of the sound waves from an electric guitar's amplifier at a distance of 5.0 m when its power output is equal to each of the following values: a. 0.25 W b. 0.50 W c. 2.0 W

18. Concept Check a. 8.0 x 10-4 W/m2 b. 1.6 x 10-3 W/m2 c. 6.4 x 10-3 W/m2

19. Concept Check At a maximum level of loudness, the power output of a 75-piece orchestra radiated as sound is 70.0 W. What is the intensity of sound waves to a listener who is sitting 25.0 m from the orchestra?

20. Concept Check 8.91 x 10-3 W/m2

21. Concept Check If the intensity of a person's voice is 4.6 x 10-7 W/m2 at a distance of 2.0 m, how much sound power does that person generate?

22. Concept Check 2.3 x 10-5 W

23. Concept Check How much power is radiated as sound from a band whose intensity is 1.6 x 10-3 W/m2 at a distance of 15 m?

24. Concept Check 4.5 W

25. Concept Check The power output of a tuba is 0.35 W. At what distance is the sound intensity of the tuba 1.2 x 10-3 W/m2?

26. Concept Check 4.8 m

29. Resonance A vibrating string on a guitar transmits its vibrations to the bridge of the guitar and the bridge transfers the vibrations to the body (sympathetic vibrations). Guitar body has a larger area, so vibrations are transferred to the air more efficiently. Intensity is increased and duration is decreased. Vibrations at the natural frequency (depends on length) produce resonance. Large amplitude of vibration.

31. Harmonics Standing waves create harmonics. The fundamental frequency of a harmonic series is the lowest frequency of vibration or f1 = v 2L All subsequent harmonics are integral multiples of the fundamental frequency. Harmonic Series of a Vibrating String fn = n v n = 1, 2, 3, ... 2L

33. Harmonics of Open Pipe Resonators Functions just like a string fixed at both ends, so fn = n v n = 1, 2, 3,... 2L

35. Harmonics of Closed Pipe Resonators f = n v n = 1, 3, 5,.... 4L

36. Concept Check What is the fundamental frequency of a 0.20 m long organ pipe that is closed at one end, when the speed of sound in the pipe is 352 m/s?

37. Concept Check 440 Hz

38. Concept Check A flute is essentially a pipe open at both ends. The length of a flute is approximately 66.0 cm. What are the first three harmonics of a flute when all keys are closed, making the vibrating air column approximately equal to the length of the flute? The speed of sound in the flute is 340 m/s.

39. Concept Check 260 Hz, 520 Hz, 780 Hz

40. Concept Check What is the fundamental frequency of a guitar string when the speed of waves on the string is 115 m/s and the effective string lengths are as follows: a. 70.0 cm b. 50.0 cm c. 40.0 cm

41. Concept Check a. 82.1 Hz b. 115 Hz c. 144 Hz

42. Concept Check A violin string that is 50.0 cm long has a fundamental frequency of 440 Hz. What is the speed of the waves on the string?

43. Concept Check 440 m/s