Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness

Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness

On the Nature of Consciousness • Awareness of ________ and ________ Stimuli • Variations on levels of _______ • James – __________________ • Freud – ______________ • Sleep/dreaming research

The Electroencephalograph:A Physiological Index of Consciousness • _______ – monitoring of brain electrical activity • Brain-waves • Amplitude (height) • _________ (cycles per second) • ____ (13-24 cps) • Alpha (8-12 cps) • ______ (4-7 cps) • Delta (<4 cps)

Table 5.1 EEG Patterns Associated with States of Consciousness

Biological Rhythms and Sleep • ___________________ – 24 hr biological cycles • Regulation of sleep/other body functions • Physiological pathway of the _________ clock: • Light levels  retina  suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus  pineal gland  secretion of melatonin • __________ circadian rhythms • ___________ circadian rhythms

Sleep/Waking Research • Instruments: • _____________________ – brain electrical activity • Electromyograph – muscle activity • _____________________ – eye movements • Other bodily functions also observed

Sleep Stages: Cycling Through Sleep • Stage 1: brief, __________ (1-7 minutes) • alpha  theta • hypnic jerks • Stage 2: _______________ (10-25 minutes) • Stages 3 & 4: ________________ (30 minutes) • Stage 5: ______ , EEG similar to awake, ______ dreaming (first a few minutes, then longer) • Developmental differences in REM sleep

Figure 5.3 An overview of the cycle of sleep

Age, Culture, and Sleep • Age trends • ______ : lots of sleep, lots of REM • ______ : less sleep, less slow-wave sleep • ________ variations • Co-sleeping • ________

Figure 5.4 Changes in sleep patterns over the life span

Figure 5.5 Cultural variations in how long people tend to sleep

Why Do We Sleep? • Hypothesis 1: • Sleep _______ to conserve organisms’ energy • Hypothesis 2: • ________________ during sleep is adaptive because it reduces danger • Hypothesis 3: • Sleep helps animals to restore _______ and other bodily ____________

Sleep Deprivation • ________ deprivation • 3 or 4 days max • Partial deprivation or sleep restriction • impaired _________ , reaction time, coordination, and _____________ • accidents: Chernobyl, Exxon Valdez • Selective deprivation • REM and slow-wave sleep: rebound effect

Sleep Problems • _________ – difficulty falling or staying asleep • Narcolepsy – falling asleep uncontrollably • Sleep _______ – reflexive gasping for air that awakens person • _______________ – sleepwalking

Figure 5.6 The vicious cycle of dependence on sleeping pills

The Nature and Contents of Dreams • _______ – mental experiences during sleep • _______ usually familiar • Common __________ • Waking life ________ – day residue • Western vs. Non-Western interpretations

Figure 5.8 Three theories of dreaming

Hypnosis: Altered State of Consciousness or Role Playing? • Hypnosis = a systematic procedure that increases suggestibility • _____________________ : individual differences • _____________ produced through hypnosis: • _______ • Sensory distortions and hallucinations • ______________ • Posthypnotic suggestions and amnesia

Meditation: Pure Consciousness or Relaxation • ___________ = practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater ________ control • Yoga, _____, transcendental meditation (TM) • Potential __________ benefits • Similar to effective ________ procedures

Principal Abused Drugs and Their Effects • ___________ (opiates) – pain relieving • Sedatives – sleep inducing • ____________ – increase CNS activity • Hallucinogens – distort sensory and perceptual experience • _________ – produce mild, relaxed euphoria • Alcohol – produces relaxed euphoria, decreases in inhibitions • __________ – produces a warm, friendly euphoria

Table 5.2 Psychoactive Drugs: Methods of Ingestion, Medical Uses, and Effects

Mechanisms and Dependence • Mechanisms of drug action • Effects on ______________ • Mesolimbic dopamine pathway • Drug dependence • _______ dependence • ___________ dependence • Drugs and ________

Figure 5.11 The “reward pathway” in the brain

Table 5.3 Psychoactive Drugs: Tolerance, Dependence, Potential for Fatal Overdose, and Health Risks

Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness