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Classification and phylogeny

Classification and phylogeny. Early classification schemes. Fish & whales Flies & birds Frogs & alligators Squirrels & monkeys. Early classification schemes. Fish & whales Flies & birds Frogs & alligators Squirrels & monkeys. Swim in water Fly in air Crawl in mud Climb in trees.

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Classification and phylogeny

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  1. Classification and phylogeny

  2. Early classification schemes Fish & whales Flies & birds Frogs & alligators Squirrels & monkeys

  3. Early classification schemes Fish & whales Flies & birds Frogs & alligators Squirrels & monkeys Swim in water Fly in air Crawl in mud Climb in trees

  4. Early classification schemes Honeybee: Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabris utrinque margine ciliatis Apis mellifera

  5. Early classification schemes Honeybee: Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabris utrinque margine ciliatis Apis mellifera Linnaeus introduced: binomial nomenclature hierarchical classification

  6. Hierarchical classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

  7. How the leopard got its spots

  8. Phylogenetic trees are a visual representation of the fact that species are related by descent from a common ancestor

  9. Phylogeny Anagensis(phyletic evolution) - successional changes within a single lineage Cladogenesis (phylogenetic branching) - splits along ancestral line that cause species multiplication (ie. appearance of new clades, clusters of species)

  10. homology - same feature in different species, derived from common ancestor parallelism - similar feature occurs in different species, but common ancestor was different convergence - similar feature arose independently in different species

  11. Phylogeny Monophyletic - organisms derive from a single ancestral population Paraphyletic - does not include all descendents from the ancestral population Polyphyletic - organisms arrived independently at a particular grade of organization

  12. Monophyletic Paraphyletic

  13. Paraphyletic groups

  14. Phylogeny Phenetics - applies numerical taxonomy to arranging groups into genera & higher ranks Cladistics - every significant evolutionary step marks a dichotomous branch Evolutionary classification - incorporates genealogical relationship between groups with evolutionary distance

  15. Phenetics Character a b c d 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 3 1 1 1 0 4 1 1 1 0 5 1 1 1 0 6 1 1 1 0 7 0 1 0 0 8 0 1 0 0 9 0 1 0 0 10 1 0 1 0 11 1 0 0 1

  16. a c b d similarity Phenetics a b c d a - 6 7 3 b - 4 0 c - 5 d - B = (BA + BC)/2 B = 5 D = 0

  17. Phenetics Phenograms do not necessarily represent phylogenetic relationships Similarity - number of character states 2 species share Relationship - how recently they diverged from a common ancestor

  18. Cladistics Character a b c d 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 3 1 1 1 0 4 1 1 1 0 5 1 1 1 0 6 1 1 1 0 7 0 1 0 0 8 0 1 0 0 9 0 1 0 0 10 1 0 1 0 11 1 0 0 1 0 pleisomorphic 1 apomorphic

  19. a b c d 7 8 9 1 2 6 5 4 3 Cladistics a b c d a - 6 4 0 b - 4 0 c - 0 d -

  20. Synapomorphies arise at evolutionary branch points

  21. Taxonomy Characters must be independent homologous Evolutionary relationships only revealed by shared, derived traits = synapomorphies

  22. Terminology plesiomorphy symplesiomorphy apomorphy synapomorphy autapomorphy

  23. Principles of evolutionary change, inferred from systematics 1 homologous features are derived from common ancestors

  24. Principles of evolutionary change, inferred from systematics 1 homologous features are derived from common ancestors 2 homoplasy is common in evolution

  25. Homoplasy Convergent evolution (convergence) Parallel evolution (parallelism) Evolutionary reversals

  26. Principles of evolutionary change, inferred from systematics 1 homologous features are derived from common ancestors 2 homoplasy is common in evolution 3 rates of character evolution differ

  27. Principles of evolutionary change, inferred from systematics 1 homologous features are derived from common ancestors 2 homoplasy is common in evolution 3 rates of character evolution differ 4 evolution is often gradual

  28. Principles of evolutionary change, inferred from systematics 1 homologous features are derived from common ancestors 2 homoplasy is common in evolution 3 rates of character evolution differ 4 evolution is often gradual 5 characteristics often owe their change in form to change in function

  29. Principles of evolutionary change, inferred from systematics 1 homologous features are derived from common ancestors 2 homoplasy is common in evolution 3 rates of character evolution differ 4 evolution is often gradual 5 characteristics often owe their change in form to change in function 6 phylogenetic analysis documents evolutionary trends

  30. Principles of evolutionary change, inferred from systematics 1 homologous features are derived from common ancestors 2 homoplasy is common in evolution 3 rates of character evolution differ 4 evolution is often gradual 5 characteristics often owe their change in form to change in function 6 phylogenetic analysis documents evolutionary trends 7 most clades display evolutionary radiation

  31. Cladistics Character a b c d 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 3 1 1 1 0 4 1 1 1 0 5 1 1 1 0 6 1 1 1 0 7 0 1 0 0 8 0 1 0 0 9 0 1 0 0 101 0 1 0 111 0 0 1 0 pleisomorphic 1 apomorphic

  32. a b c d 10 11 11 10 Cladistics a b c d a - 6 4 0 b - 4 0 c - 0 d -

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