Reproduction 6.6 ;]

1. Reproduction 6.6 ;] IB OUTLINE Allott pgs. 56-58 BREA ALOTAYA BIANCA ARGUILLA NATASHA GUENTHER

2. IB STANDARDS- SECTION 6.6

3. 6.6.1 : DRAW AND LABEL THE ADULT FEMALE REPRO. SYSTEMS • Female Anatomy: The main parts required for IB includes the ovary, the oviduct, cervix, uterus, bladder, urethra, vulva, large intestine, and vagina • Ovary: • Oviduct: • Cervix: • Uterus: • Bladder: • Urethra: • Vulva: • Large Intestine: • Vagina:

4. Figure 46.9 Reproductive anatomy of the human female

5. Figure 46.9 Reproductive anatomy of the human female (continued)

6. 6.6.1 : DRAW AND LABEL THE ADULT MALE REPRO. SYSTEMS • Male Anatomy: The main parts required for IB includes the bladder, sperm duct, erectile tissue, penis, urethra, foreskin, testies, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, epididymis, scrotum, and testies • Bladder: • Sperm Duct: • Erectile tissue: • Penis: • Urethra: • Foreskin: • Testies: • Seminal Vesicle: • Prostrate Gland: • Epididymis: • Scrotum: • Testies:

7. 6.6.2: outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including fsh, lh, estrogen, and progesterone • Menstrual Cycle: Controlled by hormones FSH and LH, produced in the anterior pituitary glands, and Estrogen and progesterone, produced in the Ovaries; consists of three distinct stages: menstruation, follicular phase, and luteal phase • Menstruation: also called menstrual bleeding or period; the flow normally serves as a sign that a woman has not become pregnant. • Follicular phase: this phase is also called the proliferative phase because a hormone causes the lining of the uterus to grow, or proliferate, during this time • Ovulation is switch btwn Follicular and luteal; occurs when egg has matured • Luteal phase: also called the secretory phase; an important role is played by the corpus luteum, the solid body formed in an ovary after the egg has been released from the ovary into the fallopian tube.

9. 6.6.2: outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including fsh, lh, estrogen, and progesterone • FSH ( follicle stimulating hormone) : a hormone synthesized and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland. FSH regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the human body. • In females, FSH stimulates growth and recruitment of immature Ovarian follicles in the ovary. As the follicles mature, one becomes dominant. It then releases chemicals that decrease the FSH production by inhibiting GnRH production in the hypothalamus. • In males, FSH enhances the production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testies and is critical for spermatogenesis.

10. 6.6.2: outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including fsh, lh, estrogen, and progesterone • LH (Luteinizing Hormone) : also known as Lutropin; LH is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. • In females, a rise of LH triggers ovulation • In males, LH sti,ulatesLeydig cell production of testosterone. • Works together with FSH

11. 6.6.2: outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including fsh, lh, estrogen, and progesterone • Estrogen: responsible for growth and development of female sexual characteristics and reproduction in humans and animals. • Associated with estrone, estradiol, and estriol • Estrone & estradiol: ovaries • Estriol: by placenta during pregnancy • Produced in the ovaries, adrenal glands, and fat tissues • Circulates in the bloodstream and binds to estrogen receptors on cells in targeted tissues • Controls growth of the uterine lining during the first part of the menstrual cycle, responsible for breast changes & other metabolic processes ( bone growth and cholesterol levels)

12. 6.6.2: outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including fsh, lh, estrogen, and progesterone • Progesterone: a hormone in our body that stimulates and regulates various functions • Plays a role in maintaining pregnancy and sexual desires • Produced in the ovaries, the placenta (during pregnancy), and the adrenal glands • Prepares body for conception, pregnancy, and regulate menstrual cycle • Responsible for stimulating growth of the uterine lining (endometrium), causing it to thicken during preovulatory phase of the cycle • Works together with estrogen

13. 6.6.2: outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including fsh, lh, estrogen, and progesterone • Female sex hormones recap: • LH and FSH – pituitary gland • These affect the processes in the ovary • FSH stimulates the development of follicles, fluid filled sacs that hold egg • LH stimulates follicles to become mature and release the egg, ovulation, developing into the corpus luteum • Estrogen and Progesterone- ovaries • Both stimulate the development of female secondary sexual characteristics during puberty and stimulate the development of uterus lining that is needed during pregnancy • Unless pregnancy occurs, hormone levels rise and fall with cycle [see chart]

14. hormones

15. Figure 46.15 The reproductive cycle of the human female

16. 6.6.3: Annotate a graph showing hormone levels in the menstrual cycle, illustrating the levels between changes in hormone levels, ovulation, menstruation, and the thickening of the endometrium • The menstrual cycle occurs in women who are not pregnant. It is controlled by FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone. During the cycle, hormone levels change in response to the bodily changes. • 1. FSH level rises and stimulates follicle growth and estrogen secretion by the cells of the follicle • 2. Estrogen makes the follicle cells produce more FSH receptors and therefore respond more efficiently to the FSH • 3. Positive feedback between estrogen and FSH cause the estrogen levels to rise and stimulate the repair of the uterus lining • 4. Estrogen levels rise to a peak and stimulate LH secretion by the pituitary gland • 5. LH rises to a peak and causes the egg to be released from the follicle-ovulation

17. 6.6.3: Annotate a graph showing hormone levels in the menstrual cycle, illustrating the levels between changes in hormone levels, ovulation, menstruation, and the thickening of the endometrium • Changes in hormone levels (cont.) : • 6. LH causes the follicle cells to secrete less estrogen (negative feedback) and more progesterone. After ovulation occurs, LH causes the follicle to develop into the corpus luteum • 7. The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone, causing the uterus lining the prepare for an embryo • 8. High levels of progesterone and estrogen inhibit FSH and LH secretion, causing negative feedback • 9. Progesterone and estrogen levels fall if no embryo has been formed and allows for FSH and LH secretion again • 10. FSH levels rise again, repeating the cycle.

18. 6.6.3: Annotate a graph showing hormone levels in the menstrual cycle, illustrating the levels between changes in hormone levels, ovulation, menstruation, and the thickening of the endometrium

20. Ovulation & Lining of uterus

21. 6.6.4: List three roles of testosterone in males • Testosterone: is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands. It is the principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. • In men, testosterone plays a key role in health and well-being as well as in osteoporosis . On average, an adult human male body produces about forty to sixty times more testosterone than an adult female body, but females are, from a behavioral perspective (rather than from an anatomical or biological perspective), more sensitive to the hormone. However the overall ranges for male and female are very wide, such that the ranges actually overlap at the low end and high end respectively.

22. 6.6.4: List three roles of testosterone in males • Testosterone: The male sex hormone • Three roles: • The developing testes of a male fetus secrete testosterone, which causes the male genitalia, including the penis, to develop in the fetus • During puberty, levels of testosterone rise and cause male secondary sexual characteristics to develop- ex..: pubic hair, an enlarged penis, and growth of skeletal muscles • In adulthood, testosterone maintains the sex drive, which is the instinct to encourage sexual intercourse, therefore passing on their genes to their offspring • Is a hormone needed to stimulate sperm production by the testes.

23. Infertility: Not on IB syllabus, but mention in Allott Book to intorduce In Vitro Fertilization • Infertility: when couples are unable to achieve fertilization and pregnancy despite sexual intercourse during ovulation period. • Can be temporary or permanent • Approx. 1 in 6 couples have temporary or permanent infertility • In vitro fertilization (IVF) has been a possible solution to infertility • IVF can overcome blocked oviducts that prevent conception • However, IVF cannot compensate for low or zero sperm count in males

24. 6.6.5 outline the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF) • In vitro fertilization- is the process of fertilization by manually combining an egg and sperm in a laboratory dish. When the IVF procedure is successful, the process is combined with a procedure known as embryo transfer, which is used to physically place the embryo in the uterus. • IVF consists of 10 steps over a nine week timetable: • 1. weeks 1-3: a drug is injected once a day for three weeks, to stop the woman’s normal period cycle • 2. weeks 4-beg. Of 5: Large doses of FSH are injected once a day or 10-12 days to stimulate the ovaries to develop many follicles • 3. week 5: HCG (another hormone..obviously not important to IB) is injected 36 hours before egg collection, to loosen the egg in the follicles and to make them mature • 4. week 5- the man provides semen by ejaculating into a jar. The sperm are processed to concentrate the healthiest ones • 5. week 5- the eggs are extracted from the follicles using a device inserted through the wall of the vagina

25. 6.6.5 outline the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF) • IVF timetable continued: • 6. week 5: each egg is mixed with sperm in a shallow dish and kept overnight in an incubator • 7. week 6: dishes are checked to see if fertilization has occurred • 8. week 6: two-three embryos are selected and placed into the uterus, via a long plastic tube • 9. b/w week 7&8: a pregnancy test is done to determine if embryos have been implanted • 10. end of week 9: a scan is done to see if pregnancy is continuing normally; heart should be visibly beating

27. 6.6.6: Discuss the ethical issues associated with IVF • CLASS DISCUSSION FOR CLASS PARTICIPATION POINTS!!!!!!!!!! ;]

28. 6.6.6: Discuss the ethical issues associated with IVF Against IVF For IVF • Inherited forms of infertility might be passed on to children, which means that the suffering of the parents is repeated • More embryos are often produced than are needed and the spare embryos are sometimes killed, denying them the chance at life • Embryologists select embryos to transfer to the uterus, so humans are deciding whether new individuals survive or die • IVF is an unnatural process, carried out in labs, in contrast to natural conception occurring as a result of an act of love • Infertility should be accepted as the will of God and it is wrong to try to circumvent it by using IVF to have a child • Many forms of infertility are due to environmental factors, so offspring will not inherit them • Any embryos that are killed during IVF are unable to feel pain or suffer, because their nervous system has not developed • Suffering due to genetic disease could be reduced if embryos were screened before being transferred to the uterus • Parents willing to go through the process must have strong desires for kids and so are likely to become loving parents • Infertility brings great unhappiness to parents who want to have children, which in some cases can be ov4rcome by IVF