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MEDICAL LAB TECHNIQUES

MEDICAL LAB TECHNIQUES. MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUES. Use of medical laboratory instruments for the diagnosis of diseases and infection of a person for and treatment are called medical lab techniques. CT scan Stethoscope Haemocytometer Sphygmomanometer Electro Cardio Graph.

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MEDICAL LAB TECHNIQUES

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  1. MEDICAL LAB TECHNIQUES

  2. MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUES Use of medical laboratory instruments for the diagnosis of diseases and infection of a person for and treatment are called medical lab techniques • CT scan • Stethoscope • Haemocytometer • Sphygmomanometer • Electro Cardio Graph

  3. Stethoscope:types Binatural stethoscope Electronic stethoscope Stethoscope:Uses Helps to find normal (lub_dub) sound and abnormal heart sound Indicates fluid in lungs in case of pneumonia and pulmonary edema: bronchitis, pleuritis compare the movements in normal and over or under active intestinal tract

  4. SPHYGMOMANOMETER TYPES monometric sphygmomanometer digtal sphygmomanometer It is an instrument used to measure the blood pressure of an individual Uses • It helps to estimate the state of blood circulation and working of heart. • It helps to diagnose pathological conditions such as hypertension (increased blood pressure) and hypotension (decreased blood pressure)

  5. SPHYGMOMANOMETER It consist of a mercury manometer cuff and hand pump. The cuff is tied around the cubital fossa of the individual, Then hand pump is pressed. Air is inflated in the cuff. When the cuff is fully inflated air pressure is more than blood pressure, So blood flow is obstructed

  6. USES OF SPHYGMOMANOMETER Now the hand pump is slowly released till the time the appearance of the first sound. The manometric reading is noted. Systolic pressure Later the hand pump is slowly released till the time of the sound becomes louder. Later it stops the manometric reading is noted when the sound disappears_ diastolic pressure .

  7. BLOOD PRESSURE • It is the force of pressure which the blood is exerting on the walls of blood vessels. • SYSTOLE:Contraction of left ventricle --Pressure rises to a peak-Systolic pressure. • DIASTOLE:relaxation of left ventricle -Pressure falls-Diastolic pressure • The normal blood pressure value is 120/80.

  8. HAEMOCYTOMETER A device used for determining the number of cells per unit volume of a suspension is called a counting chamber. The most widely used type of chamber is called a hemocytometer, since it was originally designed for performing blood cell counts. A haemocytometer consists of a counting chamber, a coverglass for the counting chamber and diluting pipettes. many types of counting chambers are available. improved neubauer and fauchs rosenthal are the 2 most commonly used counting chambers.

  9. HAEMOCYTOMETER:Method of Using To prepare the counting chamber the mirror-like polished surface is carefully cleaned with lens paper. The coverslip is also cleaned. Coverslips must be heavy enough to overcome the surface tension of a drop of liquid. The coverslip is placed over the counting surface prior to putting on the cell suspension. The suspension is introduced into one of the V-shaped wells with a pasteur or other type of pipette.

  10. W.B.C. PIPPETTE R.B.C. PIPPETTE

  11. HAEMOCYTOMETER:Method of Using The area under the cover slip fills by capillary action. Enough liquid should be introduced so that the mirrored surface is just covered. The charged counting chamber is then placed on the microscope stage and the counting grid is brought into focus at low power. Cell suspensions should be dilute enough so that the cells do not overlap each other on the grid, and should be uniformly distributed. To perform the count, determine the magnification needed to recognize the desired cell type. Now systematically count the cells in selected squares so that the total count is 100 cells or so

  12. HAEMOCYTOMETER:Method of Using To get the final count in cells/ml, first divide the total count by 0.1 (chamber depth) then divide the result by the total surface area counted . For example if you counted 125 cells in each of the four large corner squares plus the middle, divide 125 by 0.1, then divide the result by 5 mm-squared, which is the total area counted (each large square is 1 mm-squared). 125/ 0.1 = 1250. 1250/5 = 250 cells/mm-cubed.

  13. RED BLOOD CELL COUNT Normal range of RBC in human • Men - 4.5 - 5.9 million /cu /mm • Women - 4.1 - 5.1 million /cu /mm • At birth – 4.0 - 5.6 million /cu /mm WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT Normal range of WBCs in human Adult: 4.500-11.000/cu.mm Neonates:10,000-25,000/cu,mm.

  14. HAEMOCYTOMETER: Clinical significance Decrease in the number of circulating RBC indicates Anaemia. An increased in the number of RBC indicates Polycythemia. An increase in WBC for a transient period indicates Bacterial infection. Progressive increase in abnormal WBC count indicates Leukemia.

  15. It is an instrument used to record the electric potential changes that occur in the heart during cardiac cycle. Electrocardiogram • Recording of ECG with a strong galvanometer was done by Einthoven. • Waller was the first to record human ECG with a capillary electrometer. • Einthoven was awarded Nobel Prize in 1924

  16. ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH It is a record of the electric potential changes of the heart imprinted on a strip of paper in the form of waves Some amount of this current spread to the body surface. The electric potentials generated by this current can be recorded by placing electrodes on the opposite sides of the heart. The waves of ECG are formed due to depolarization of heart muscles. They are not formed due to contraction of the heart.

  17. P wave It is an atrial wave. Caused due to spread of depolarization in the atria. Duration :0.1Sec. Amplitude: 0.1 to 0.3 Sec. P,R,and T wavesPositive waves-Upward wavesQ and S wavesNegative waves-Downward waves Q,R and S wavesIt Generally referred as QRS complex. Q-wave It is a small negative downward deflection. represents the atrial septal depolarization.

  18. R-wave It is a prominent positive S-wave It is a small negative R and S waves formed due to the depolarization of ventricular muscles. T wave It is a broad wave. It is due to the ventricular repolarization. Duration : 0.27 Sec. Amplitude : 0.15 to 0.5 mv.

  19. COMPUTED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY CT or CAT - is a non invasive diagnostic technique - provides a clear view of soft internal organs & tissues. - this technique uses a type of X-ray device.

  20. HISTORY OF CT CT was invented in 1972 by British engineer Godfrey Hounsfield England . It was independently invented by South A frican born physicist Allan Cormack, Massachusetts. The first clinical CT scanners were installed between 1974 and 1976. CT became available by about 1980 .

  21. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCANorCT SCAN CAT Scanning is the computer analysis of a sharply limited, thin X-ray beam passed through an area of the body. X-ray signal received is converted to binary data which is read by the computer electronically. X-rays which pass through the body are absorbed at different levels, CT is based on X- ray principle. These rays create a matrix or profile of X ray beams of different strength. This X ray profile is registered on film, thus creating an image. In CT, the film is replaced by a banana shaped detector, which measures the X ray profile.

  22. USES OF CT CT is an invaluable tool in the cancer diagnosis process and is often the preferred method for diagnosing lung,liver and pancreas cancer. CT imaging and CT angiography are finding a greater role in the detection, diagnosing and treatment of heart diseases acute stroke and vascular diseases. CT can be used to measure bone mineral density for the detection of osteoporosis. CT has excellent application in trauma cases and other internal bleeding in patients. CT is used extensively for diagnosing problems of inner ears and sinuses. CT is excellent for imaging tumours or polyps in the sinuses.

  23. USES OF CT continued . CT has been the basis for interventional work like CT guided biopsy and minimally invasive therapy CT images are also used as basis for planning radiotherapy cancer treatment. CT is often used to follow the course of cancer treatment to determine how the tumour is responding to treatment.

  24. Conventional X- ray can show only the dense bone structure of the skull. X-ray angiography of the head shows only the head and neck and not the soft tissue of the brain. Magnetic resonance shows only the soft tissue and not the bony skull. But CT allows physicians to see soft tissues,anatomy of brain ventricles,of grey and white matter. ADVANTAGES OF CT OVER OTHER TECHNIQUES

  25. End

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