Objectives

2. Objectives • Food safety and personal hygiene • The types of food contamination • Food safety • Employee’s personal hygiene

3. Hong Kong Food Safety Internal player

4. Important contribution factors in Hong Kong • Contamination • Cross contamination of ready-to-eat food by raw food • Contaminated raw food • Poor personal hygiene • Inadequate cleaning of equipment • Contamination by food handlers, e.g. hands, cloths and equipments • Temperature • Inadequate cooking/ reheating • Inappropriate storage temperature • Inadequate cooling and cold holding • Time • Prolonged storage • Preparing food ahead of planned service

5. Consequences or costs of poor food safety

6. Food Safety Terminology • Food Safety: assurance that food will not cause harm to the consumer when it is prepared and /or eaten according to its intended use (free from harmful substances) • Food Hygiene: all conditions and measures necessary to ensure the safety and suitability of food at all stages of the food chain • Food Suitability: assurance that food is acceptable for human consumption according to its intended use

7. Food Safety Terminology(Food poisoning) • “An acute illness usually of sudden onset, due to the consumption of contaminated or poisonous food” • Common causative agents: • Bacteria: • Pathogenic type – Vibrio spp (霍亂弧菌), Salmonella spp (沙門氏桿菌) • Toxin type –Staphylococcus aureus (金黃色葡萄球桿菌) , Clostridium botulinum (肉毒桿菌) • Chemicals: • Pesticides • Natural toxins (Biochemicals) • Plant type – mushroom, sprout potato • Animal type – puffer fish • Viruses e.g. Norwalk (諾沃克) group and Hepatitis A

8. Food Safety Terminology (Food Borne Disease) • Differs from food poisoning in that: • A relatively small number of organisms is capable of causing the illness • The food acts purely as a vehicle and the multiplication of the organism within the food is not an important feature of the illness

9. Food Borne Disease • We divide the illnesses and the bacteria that cause them into two categories: • Caused directly by the invasion of the body by bacteria (Food infection) • Caused by bacterial toxins produced either directly on the food or produced in the body after ingestion (Food intoxication)

10. Food Hazard and Contamination • A food hazard (食品危害) is anything that can contaminate the food or cause harm to the consumer. • Food contamination (食品污染 or 感染??) or refers to any harmful substances unintentionally added to food. These substances may come from natural sources or environmental pollution, or arise from food processing.

11. Food hazards occur from one of three sources: Chemically Biologically Physically

12. Food hazards • Chemical contamination are chemicals or compounds that can potentially harm the heath of humans. In the short term it may cause severe vomiting, but in the long term may lead to serious illnesses –such as, cancer – and damage to organs such as the liver, kidney, brain, etc. • Biological contamination is living organism or agent derived by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and mammal and bird antigens that can cause many health effects. • Physical contamination is both objectionable (because it can be seen by consumer, unlike chemical or biological contamination) and harmful to health – causing: • Broken teeth • Cuts • Choking

13. Food Hazards

14. Biological Contamination • High-risk group: • young children • elderly people • chronic patients • pregnant women

15. Pathogenic micro-organisms linked to food poisoning and food-borne illness:

16. Examples of bacterial food poisoning:

17. Common symptoms of bacterial food poisoning

18. Viruses • Much smaller than bacteria and highly infectious – one third smaller than bacteria • No complete cell structure and cannot reproduce independently – can only multiply within a cell • Examples include: • Hepatitis A • Norwalk (Norovirus) • Rotavirus

19. Viruses • Remember –do not require the food/water for multiplication • Viruses are typically water borne • Contamination at source (food eaten raw) and by handling • Normal cooking temperatures denatures viruses • Raw foods most implicated in outbreaks • Infective dose very small – can be a single virus • Very contagious and person to person spread is common outbreaks • Spread by faecal – oral route

20. Viruses (Hepatitis A) • If infected you gain life long immunity • Symptoms: fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, liver disease • IP: 15 – 50 days • illness lasts several days to several months • Gastro-intestinal tract usual source but blood and urine also implicated • Implicated foods: sewage contaminated water, raw shell fish, vegetables, salads • Control: standard food hygiene practices, water quality, approved shell fish beds

21. Viruses (Norwalk Viruses) • Small round structured viruses • Source: human intestine and sewage contaminated water • IP: 1 – 2 days, illness lasts 1 – 3 days • Implicated foods: shellfish, vegetables, salads and water • Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain • Control: standard food hygiene practices, water quality, approved shell fish beds

22. Viruses (Rotavirus) • 500,00 cases and 1 million deaths worldwide each year • Effects young children causing severe diarrhoea and dehydration • Source: humans, sewage contaminated water • IP: 1-3 days, duration 4-8days • Control: standard food hygiene practices

23. Parasites • Parasites are organisms that can live on or in a host as well as to derive benefit from or at the expense of its host. • They can be found on various kinds of food, such as meats, seafood and fresh produce. • Two main types of parasites found in food are protozoa (原蟲) and helminths (蠕蟲) (also known as worms).

24. Causative agents of food poisoning outbreaks

25. Cross-contamination • Cross-contamination usually • involves a vehicle of contamination – • something that helps the bacteria to • ‘travel’ from one surface to another. • E.g. Raw to cooked food • Vehicle can be: • Food handler • Food contact surface • Equipment and utensil

26. Food Safety System - HACCP • HACCP is an abbreviation for the “Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point” • The HACCP technique itself is a logical system of control, based on the prevention of problems. • Systematic and general approach allows design of operationspecific programs • A management tool used to protect the food supply against biological, chemical and physical hazards • Design and evaluation of control systems

27. Origin of HACCP • Pioneered in the 1960’s • First used when foods were developed for the space program • Adopted by many food processors and the U.S. government • The first work on HACCP was done at the Pillsbury Company, in collaboration with NASA

28. Seven Principles of HACCP • Conduct hazard analysis and identify preventive measures • Identify Critical Control Points (CCPs) • Establish critical limits • Establish monitoring procedure for Critical Control Points (CCPs) • Establish corrective actions • Establish verification procedures • Establish record-keeping and documentation procedures

29. WHY HACCP?? • A Food Safety Plan minimizes the limitations of traditional food management systems such as end-product testing and inspection • Make the product safely • Minimize the possibility of food poisoning • Enhance the consumer’s confidence • Promote the competitive advantage • In a long run, a Food Safety Plan lowers production cost on raw material wastage and food recall • Enhance reputation and credibility of enterprise

30. Principle 1 • Identify the potential hazards associated with a food and measures to control those hazards are identified. A food safety hazard is any biological, chemical or physical property that may cause a food to be unsafe for human consumption.

31. Principle 2 • Determine the Critical Control Points (CCP’s) in a food's production -- from its raw state through processing and shipping to consumption by the consumer--at which the potential hazard can be controlled, eliminated, or reduced to acceptable levels.

32. Principle 3 • Establish preventive measures with critical limits(管制界限) for each control point. For a cooked food, for example, this might include setting the minimum cooking temperature and time required to ensure the elimination of any harmful bacterial. • A critical limits is defined as “The maximum or minimum value to which a physical, biological, or chemical hazard must be controlled at a critical control point.”

33. Principle 3- some examples • Maximum value: • E.g. Maximum temperature for cool storage - 4  C. • Minimum value: • E.g. Milk Pasteurization 71.7  C for 15 seconds. • E.g. Industrial meat cooking are that the centre temperature achieves 70C for at least 2 minutes.

34. Principle 4 • Establish procedures to monitor the critical control points. Such procedures might include Who, What, When and How of monitoring. • Example: • The “Who” is the cook on duty. • The “What” is the temperature of the oven. • The “When” is every hour (＋/ － 5 minutes). • The “How” is the oven temperature device.

35. Principle 5 • Establish corrective actions to be taken when monitoring shows that a critical limit has not been met. • Corrective actions include • Raise the cooking temperature • Extend cooking time • Adjust • Recall and discard products

36. Principle 6 • Establish procedures to verify that the system is working properly--for example, testing time and temperature recording devices to verify that a cooking unit is working properly. • Some examples of verification are: • The calibration of process monitoring instruments • Direct observation of monitoring activities and corrective actions • Sampling of product • Monitoring records review and inspection

37. Principle 7 • Establish effective recordkeeping to document the HACCP system. This would include • Records of hazards • Their control methods • The monitoring of safety requirements • Action taken to correct potential problems.

38. Examples of application of food safety plan

39. Food Legislation of Hong Kong • Main Ordinance – Part V (Food and Drugs) of the, Public Health and Municipal Services Ordinance, Cap 132 (公 眾 衞 生 及 巿 政 條 例) • Subsidiary Legislations made under Section 55 & 56 • Colouring Matter in Food Regulations • Dried Milk Regulations • Sweeteners in Food Regulations • Food Adulteration (Metallic Contamination) Regulations • Food and Drugs (Composition and Labelling) Regulations • Food Business Regulation • Frozen Confections Regulation • Harmful Substances in Food Regulations • Imported Game, Meat and Poultry Regulations • Milk Regulation • Mineral Oil in Food Regulations • Preservatives in Food Regulations • Slaughterhouses Regulations

40. Licensing • Operators of the following food business required to obtain a license from FEHD (Food and Environment Hygiene Department ) before operation: 1) Restaurant 2) Food factory 3) Fresh provision shop 4) Bakery 5) Factory canteen 6) Siu mei and lo mei shop 7) Frozen confections factory 8) Milk factory 9) Cold store 10)Slaughterhouse

41. The right conditions For bacteria to multiply they need: • Time • Under optimum conditions bacteria can double every 10 to 20 minutes. For example, if food contains 1,000 bacteria in the beginning, their number can reach 1,000,000 within 1 hour and 40 minutes. Such amount of bacteria per gram of food can cause illness. • Warmth • In the danger zone i.e. 4℃ to 63℃ bacterial multiplication occurs fastest and needs controlling. • Moisture • Critical for multiplication and this is the reason why it is vital to dry surfaces, where possible, after washing up to deny bacteria moisture. This is also one of the reasons why the sink and surround in a kitchen often has the highest level of bacteria. • Food • The available food for bacteria to utilise, survive and multiply. Food rich in moisture and protein such as milk and meat, are very suitable for the growth of bacteria. They are also called “high risk food”.

42. Most suitable temperature for bacteria growth It is called optimum temperature: between 20 to 45 oC Temperature danger zone 4 to 60℃ Food should not be placed at temperature danger zone for over 2 hours Influence of high temperature on bacteria Above 60℃: most of the bacteria would stop growing Over 60 ℃ : bacteria start to die off, and the higher the temperature, the less time it takes to kill bacteria Bacteria can produce spores, which can survive at high temperature Cook food thoroughly by maintaining the core temperature at 75 ℃ for at least 15 seconds

43. Chilled Storage- principles of safe storage • Clean chiller regularly to avoid dirt and ensure efficiency • The temperature of the refrigerator should be • kept between 1 ℃ to 4 ℃ • Cover and label food • Keep food tidy and orderly • Don’t overstock • FIFO (First In First Out)

44. Chilled Storage- principles of safe storage • No warm food • Separate raw and ready-to-eat foods • If raw and ready-to-eat are to be stored in the same unit, • Ensure raw is on shelves below ready-to-eat food • Preferably, use separate units • Open cans should not be stored in refrigerator

45. Bad Practices 45

46. Bad Practices 46

47. Storage food properly ?

48. Storage food properly 48

49. Frozen Storage – principles of safe storage • At -18℃ • Clean freezer and defrost regularly • Defrost thoroughly • Cover and label food • Keep food tidy and orderly • Don’t overstock • No warm food • FIFO

50. Safe methods for defrosting foods • You can defrost foods in a: • Chiller < 5℃ • Microwave (following manufacture’s instructions) • Well cover with an appropriate container and place within the chiller • Use specialist defrosting unit • Do not re-freeze thawed food • Check before cooking to ensure that the product is completely defrosted • Food must not be thawed out at room temperature • Unless thawed food is processed immediately, it should be held at 8℃ or below until being used • Food thawed in microwave ovens should be cooked immediately.