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Explore the reasons, obstacles to, and accomplishments of Spanish, French, and English explorations by figures like Columbus, Cabot, and Ponce de León. Discover cooperative and conflictual interactions between Europeans and Native Americans during the Age of Exploration. Learn about the Renaissance, technological advancements, and key sea routes that shaped European exploration.
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SS4H2 The student will describe European exploration in North America. • Describe the reasons for, obstacles to, and accomplishments of the Spanish, French, and Englishexplorations of • John Cabot, • Vasco Núñez de Balboa, • Juan Ponce de León, • Christopher Columbus, • Henry Hudson, and • Jacques Cartier. • b. Describe examples of cooperation and conflict between Europeans and Native Americans.
Age of Exploration Chapter 3
Lesson 1 Pages 84-87
Before 1500, most Europeans, Asians, and Africans did not know the Americas existed.
Travelers to distant places were often merchants. • What is a merchant? • A person who travels looking for gold • A person who buys and sells goods • A person who builds ships A merchant is person who buys and sells goods.
Marco Polo, a merchant from Italy, traveled to China. He wrote of his travels, telling of the gold and riches he saw in the Emperor’s palace. Marco Polo’s stories encouraged others to travel to China and they returned with silk, spices, and other goods. Merchants became rich by bringing goods from Asia to Europe on the Silk Road.
Italy China The Silk Road was not one road, but several trade routes connecting China to Europe.
Time to combine Social Studies and Math
Lesson 2 Pages 90-93
The Renaissance Renaissance means rebirth. Europeans became more interested in learning and knowledge.
Technology – the use of scientific knowledge to do things better and more rapidly.
Imagine if every book in the library – in EVERY library – was written by hand. How many books do you think we would have? Without books, how would people learn?
In 1454, Johannes Gutenberg developed the printing press. The press made it possible to print many copies of a page of type quickly. What changes do you think this caused? The printing press allowed books and ideas to spread across Europe.
New technology also helped European exploration by making navigation easier and more accurate. Navigation is the science of planning and controlling the direction of a ship. Europeans learned about a navigation tool called the astrolabe from North Africans.
An astrolabe is a tool that measured the height of the sun or a star above the horizon. Using an astrolabe sailors could tell how far north or south of home they were.
European sailors also learned about the compassfrom North Africans. A Chinese invention that helped sailors was gunpowder. Gunpowder was used in guns and cannons. How would this help sailors? Gunpowder enabled sailors to defend their ship and protect themselves.
A sea route to Asia was much longer than the Silk Road , but the sea trip was faster. Portugal was the first European country to find a sea route.
Bartolomeu Dias was to search for a legendary Christian priest and African king -- and challenge the Muslim dominance of trade with Asia. By 1488 Dias had unknowingly rounded the African continent in a storm and made landfall at what is now Mossel Bay.
On his return voyage he discovered what he called the Cape of Storms, later re-named the Cape of Good Hope. Although he did not find any sign of an African Christian, Bartolomeu Dias’svoyage established a sea route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean and Asia.
Vasco da Gama finished what Dias had started. When he got to India, his final destination, he bought spices and silk cloth. When he got back to Portugal, those things were proof that there were great treasures in India.
Da Gama sailed around the Cape of Africa and proved it was possible to reach Africa’s east coast.
Now it’s your turn to explore and record your findings with paper and pencil.
Lesson 3 Pages 96-101
In 1492, _______________sailed the ocean blue. In 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue.
Christopher Columbus went to King Henry VIII of England and John II of Portugal to ask for money for his trip. They both told him “no.” He then asked Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain to sponsor a Voyage. After three times of saying no to him, she finally agreed because Columbus was always talking about how wealthy Spain would become. Columbus' idea was to sail west from Europe to Asia to get spices and gold. The King and Queen also wanted to teach others about their religion, Roman Catholicism.
Christopher Columbus departed on his first voyage from southern Spain, on August 3, 1492, in command of three ships: the Niña, the Pinta and the Santa Maria. Columbus had expected the voyage to take four weeks, but that deadline came and went without sighting land. The crews of his ships became restless and some argued that a return to Spain was in order. On October 10, Columbus struck a deal with his men: if no land was found in the next three days, they would turn back for Spain.
At two hours past midnight on October 12, land was sighted by Rodrigo de Triana (also known as Juan Rodriguez), a sailor aboard the Pinta. Columbus went ashore the next morning at an island he called San Salvador Upon reaching the land, Columbus fell to his knees, thanked God for a safe voyage and planted a flag in the ground, claiming the land for Spain - as the Tainos who had lived there for 1,000 years watched from behind trees and bushes.
The Taino had never before seen white men, clothed people, people with beards or ships like that - they thought these people must be from heaven. So the Taino came out to greet them, as was their custom, and brought the travelers - who surely must have been tired and hungry - food, drink and gifts. He thought it was close to India. He called the peaceful Taíno people who lived there Indians.
The Columbian Exchange The Spanish rulers wanted Columbus to start a settlement and look for gold. . horses, cows, pigs, wheat, barley, and sugar cane The Spanish also carried new diseases. Columbus brings to “The New World” potatoes, corn, beans, peanuts, and cacao Columbus takes back to Spain This movement of plants and animals between Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas is called the Columbian Exchange.
Results of The Columbian Exchange Spain The Tainos The new settlement destroyed many plants and animals. Columbus returned to Spain with maize (corn), peanuts, tomatoes, cacao (chocolate), peppers, beans, and squash. Europeans cut down the rain forests to build sugar plantations. Potatoes became an important food in Europe. Most of the Taíno died from the new diseases the Europeans brought.
Amerigo Vespucci – An Italian explorer who made several voyages to South America and the Caribbean. He was the first person to realize that he and Columbus had not reached Asia but a continent unknown to Europeans. The Americas are named for this explorer. Vasco Nunez de Balboa was a Spanish explorer who sailed to sailed to Panama and crossed he mountains and jungles. He was the first to reach the Pacific Ocean.
Ferdinand Magellanwas a Portugal soldier and sailor who was the first person to circumnavigate the world. Circumnavigate is to sail completely around something. Magellan sailed his ships into the Pacific Ocean in 1520 and named it Pacific (which means “peaceful”) because it looked calm.
A good explorer takes good notes and records what he or she learns. Let’s see what you learned.
