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Concepts of Renewable Energy Integration: Smart Grid

Concepts of Renewable Energy Integration: Smart Grid. Janos Sebestyen JANOSY Senior Scientific Advisor. 2. 3. 4. Contents Part I : Network architectures Part II : A traditional power grid (Hungarian) Part III : State-of-art up-to-date power grid (Smartgrid) Part IV :

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Concepts of Renewable Energy Integration: Smart Grid

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  1. Concepts of Renewable Energy Integration: Smart Grid JanosSebestyenJANOSY Senior Scientific Advisor

  2. AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 2

  3. AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 3

  4. AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 4

  5. Contents • Part I: • Network architectures • Part II: • A traditional power grid (Hungarian) • Part III: • State-of-art up-to-date power grid (Smartgrid) • Part IV: • The key: Storage of electrical energy (new achievements) AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 5

  6. Part I:Network Architectures • Tradition in urbanized areas • (Description: directed and undirected graphs) • Centralized networks: • Water supply (tower at center) • Electrical grid (Power plant, distributor) • Gas supply (Pipelines - distributors) • Wired phone (Switching center) AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 6

  7. Centralized networks: • the„last kilometer – last mile”problem • Problem with the property owners • Montage techniques • Metering of the provided services • Diversion protection • Uneven cultural level of the customers • Maintenance and servicing problems AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 7

  8. Switchboard in the phone switching centre AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 8

  9. “Last mile” problems I. AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 9

  10. AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 10

  11. “Last mile” service problems AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 11

  12. Network types • As it is inHungary • Highest level: • „Mesh” • Local level: • „Tree” AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 12

  13. What are the requirements? • 1. Distributed, not centralized: at least partiallyself-reliant • 2. Redundancy – we have spare for every part of it • 3. Diversity – we can arrange the same result in different ways (avoiding common-mode failures) • 4. Hierarchical structures – separation of the levels of different functions (The pyramid of the severity) • 5. Defense-in-depth – should not “collapse”: self-checking, self-testing, self-healing, stepwise degradation: remaining fraction should be “standing alive” AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 13

  14. The most reliable networks: „ad-hoc” networks • Up-to-date processing technology: • It takes 6 magnitude (!) less energy to process a byte locally than to transfer it somewhere else. • That means to minimize the data transfer, to compress the information and to transfer only the data changes when they are already significant. • Each node should be intelligent and capable to fulfill all necessary network function (connecting, routing, transferring data, etc.) • Each node is connected only to its neighbors but removes connection with a remote node only in case if it has enough local connection. (Each node is able to perform all functions!) • There is no pre-defined structure and functions; authorization is of vital importance (in order to avoid diversion) AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 14

  15. Part II:Traditional power grid • XIX. Century, the Technical Revolution: • Based totally on steam power • Studying the behavior of expanding gases • - all this is gained by designing and testing RIFLES, GUNS! • (internal combustion engines - pressure dynamics) • Requires knowledge of thermo-hydraulics • The power of the steam engine was introduced • Steam engine is more powerful than anything else • Manufacture is replaced by factory • Steam engine is hot, wet, noisy – usually it is located outside AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 15

  16. Price of electrical power:What means 1 kWh? • Physical work: • 1 kWh: 1kW * 1 h = 1kW * 3600 s • 1 kW: 1000 Nm/s = 98.1 kpm/s • Lifts appr. 100kg each second during an hour to the height of 1 m - that means 3600 times • Equivalent to: • Lifting 250 cars (1440 kg each) to the height of 1 m (like in the car service startion)- Price: 10 eurocents, appr. 30 HUF!! AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 16

  17. Energy:Basis for technical revolution • Example: Hungary • Per capita consumed power: • 4250 MWe, 10 million people: • 425 W contunuously for every person! • Family of four: 1700 W continuously, 7 days - 24 hours • This means: lifting continuously 170 kg to 1 m height each second CONTINUOUSLY! • Add to this energy: the horsepower of your car, the heating of your house ... AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 17

  18. SteamEngine • I. AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 18

  19. Factory • I. AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 19

  20. Factory • II. AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 20

  21. Factory • III. AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 21

  22. Nothing important has been changedsince the end of XIX century! • Power generation is concentrated to power plants • Instead of line shafts and transmission beltselectricity is used (more convenient but provides the same rigid connection between the rotating axles) • The supply and demand is fitted not by rotation number but frequency of alternating current - it is the same, frequency is determined by the rotation number of the generators synchronized together • Still there is no energy storage in the system – only the mechanical energy is stored by the inertia of the rotors of generators and electrical drives AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 22

  23. Alternating Current (AC): essential • To avoid losses during transport we have first to increase the voltage (at destination to decrease the voltage) • Transformer (only for AC): MiksaDéri , Ottó Titusz Bláthy és Károly Zipernowsky : 1885 • The network can be controlled by means of frequency control: • If the frequency (i.e. the rotation number) decreases, then: • steam engines increase power • electrical drives (consumers) decrease power • The inertia of the rotors slows down the control transients AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 23

  24. The actual Hungarian network: “Mesh” upper level AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 24

  25. Frequencycontrol • I. AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 25

  26. Frequencycontrol • I. AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 26

  27. Perspective: Direct Current (DC) • The power consumed by many appliances do not depend on frequency any more (switching power supplies, IT technology, etc.) • AC cannot be transported very far if the power is very high (different losses, specific to AC) • The solution in this case:Direct Current (DC) – it is expensive: • To avoid high voltage superconductors are needed (liquid nitrogen cooling),high conversion costs, AC transformers are useless, it has to be buried, etc. AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 27

  28. Part III:„Smart Grid” • Now in Hungary: • Grid since 2007 already accepts supplies below 500 kW • Coarse control actions (switching off customers) • Does not encourage intelligent consumption (fixed prices!) • the Bláthy-typeelectro-mechanical metering is outdated (one-way flow of energy, and sinusoidal currents only) • More and more non-sinusoidal and frequency-independent loads (switching power supplies, economic fluorescent light bulbs, etc.)Actual meters are not correct if the current is not sinusoidal! AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 28

  29. As it is now: • Power plants,National power grid, • External connections • Grid Controlroom • Informatics • Communication • Local Service Providers • Consumers of the electrical energy • Watt-hour meter (invented in 1889) • Unlimited consumption at fixed price (usually) • Not part of the grid control AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 29

  30. Traditional grid AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 30

  31. What are the requirements? • Safety first: we think differently after Sept. 11, 2001 • No more long blackouts like in 2003 at the US east coast • Networks: we are accustomed to redundant, diverse, hierarchical, protected in depth networks in the IT technology. They are: • Distributed, scalable, degradable in steps, self-diagnosing, self-healing networks: capable to operate in a degraded and reduced form too • There should be „Stand-alone” mode as well: based on local production and storage in a reduced form (only small power is available for mobile phones, Internet, TV, probably the deep-freezer) • The excess energy should be accepted by the network and transferred to other users actually lacking energy AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 31

  32. Contradiction: sequential energy flow, distributed information flow AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 32

  33. Indispensable: intelligent metering of consumption • Tasks: • correct energy metering of any current form in both direction • tariffs in both direction can be changed in every 5-10 minutes (internet or other connection with the service providers) • consumption is measured in currency instead of kW-hours according to the actual tariffs for both direction • WiFi, USB connection with the local (home) computer in order to inform about the actual tariffs • local computer actuates the local reserve supply automatically and in a synchronized way in case of power grid failure • If the power grid is recovered the switch-back should be automatic and smooth AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 33

  34. Intelligenthomeof thefuture • First step:Intelligent metering • Anything else only after that AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 34

  35. Connection to the traditional grid AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 35

  36. Extreme advantage: Consumer participates in grid control! • Now, if we loose one of the power plants, we have to import or switch off some customers. If the tariff is flexible, due the rising prices the intelligent customers switch off the less necessary big loads – tariff takes over gradually the control with the frequency • Control strategy: to avoid oscillation (high price – switch off;lower price – switch back: causes instability – Simulation studies! • Price-dependent control enhances the peak/average ratio, better exploit of the capacities, less power changes increase the efficiency of the power plants, lower the exhaustion of equipment(less variation of the parameters) • First step is not so difficult: distributors should be replaced by BlueTooth-controlled ones to switch off/on loads by the computer; AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 36

  37. How to proceed? • It is not easy to fit into an existing power grid. A living area, a neighborhood, village etc. can form an internal grid adding up consumption, production and storage. It is cheaper this way and the control is easier. Significant volume and capacity can be connected to the national grid in a competitive way. The laws are to be adjusted to promote these activities. • There are several experimental facilities trying to be competitive this way – mostly universities, campuses organized this way in Budapest, Hungary. • Underdeveloped areas without existing power grids (Australia, Argentina, Indonesia (Sarawak)are free to start with smart local energy systems. Interesting: sun and wind power are supplementing each other (Inverted U and V type daily production) AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 37

  38. Still frequency control with small-scale storage AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 38

  39. The European Dream ... everything is integrated ... AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 39

  40. Part IV:Storage of electrical energy • “A next-generation smart grid without energy storage is like a computer without a hard drive: severely limited.” - Katie Fehrenbacher, GigaOm • According to market research firm IHS, the energy storage market is set to “explode” to an— annual installation size of 6 gigawatts (GW) in 2017 — and over 40 GW by 2022 from an initial base of only —0.34 GW installed in 2012 and 2013. AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 40

  41. Storage of electrical energy • Usually we store the SOURCE of the electrical energy (gas, oil, coal, nuclear fuel element, etc.) • The biggest problem of the unpredictable renewable energy sources: • Not only they are expensive but there should be enough traditional power plant capacity in “stand-by” mode to take over whenever it is necessary – costs of amortization, staff, non-optimal operation • We should learn to store enough energy to “smooth” the production! The cheapest and most reliable way the water-pumping power plant. • Storage of the electrical energy in a safe and economic way in big quantities is not fully solved yet. But any new technology is expensive at the beginning ... • It is really very necessary: it will be solved sooner or later. It is INDISPENSABLE! AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 41

  42. „Environment-friendly” energy sources • Accumulators (batteries): to use them is clean, to produce and to dismantle them is not. Source of the charging current? May be it is produced by a coal-firing plant?! • Photovoltaic cells: the same. Pollution during production and demolition. • “Not emitting CO2”: Nuclear power plants are definitely do not when operating. But construction? Production of big steel vessels? Spare parts? Transportation and management of the wastes? Something is emitted even if not so much. • WE HAVE TO THINK GLOBALLY. We should not be “deep greens”: just chanting slogans - not thinking them over. AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 42

  43. Raccoon Mountain: http://www.tva.gov/sites/raccoonmt.htm • Efficiency of the water pumping plants can reach 90%.The efficiency of the best accumulator-batteries: below 70% AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 43

  44. Embedded, latent energy storage at home • Excellent thermo-isolation of the home: • less heat losses, less heating and cooling is necessary • The ratio of the stored heat/lost heat is greater, the heating can be switched off for a longer period of time, which is in fact storage • The same is true for refrigerators and deep freezers – they should be well isolated and large (less surface for the same volume means better thermo-isolation), one large is better than two smalls • The remaining power of the electric car (after coming home): • It can be used to cover the evening energy needs of the house (during the peak loads). Cheap recharging may start only after midnight using the cheap electricity of the small hours ... AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 44

  45. Practical usage of super-capacitors AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 45

  46. Szuperkondenzátorok gyakorlati alkalmazása AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 46

  47. NaS battery –the best in everything so far • Workingtemperature: min. 290C AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 47

  48. Data sheet for a NaS battery • They are efficient if produced of big sizes and capacity. The one in the Hitachi factory (wafer production, semiconductors): • Power: 8 MW (for more than 7 hours) • Capacity: 57,6 MWh • Partial discharge cycles: 4,500 times (if up to 90% only) • Full dischargecycles: 2,500 times (up to 100%) • Lifetime: at least 15 years • Efficiencyat least 76% (!) (recovered energy) • up to 89-90% (Pb batteries • never reach 70% • Manufacturing, installation: 3 months AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 48

  49. Gyakorlati megvalósítás – már kapható AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 49

  50. NaS Sodium-Sulfur batteries: • NaS battery technology has been demonstrated at over 190 sites in Japan. • More than 270 MW of power (generated from stored energy) suitable for 6 hours of daily peak shaving have been installed. The largest NaS installation is a 34-MW, 245-MWh unit for wind stabilization in Northern Japan. AMS 2016 Kota Kinabalu 5th of Dec. 2016 50

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