Renewable Energy Integration

1. Renewable Energy Integration The Only Real Sensible Approach  must be done a resource optimized regional level

2. Overall Focus • Current and future sources of energy • What’s best in terms of most efficient combination of capital cost, land use, ecological footprint, material use. • Distributed Generation • How to improve the Grid • Local Energy Storage

3. The Business as Usual Trajectory BP website (BP.com)

4. World Energy Consumption to 2025 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/world.html

5. Primary energy consumed per capita BP website (BP.com)

6. Global Fossil Carbon Emissions Wikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles

7. And if we require continued Fossil Fuel usage as transport fuel then • Alternatives to Crude Oil must be used • These alternatives will do incredible environmental damage due to the great inefficiency involved in extracting a barrel of oil. • And of course, Coal remains the choice for producing the bulk of electricity

8. Tar Sands http://www.protectowire.com/applications/profiles/electric_shovels.htm http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2005/05may/dinning.cfm

9. Oil Shale http://nandotimes.nandomedia.com/ips_rich_content/896-shale_rock.jpg http://geosurvey.state.co.us/Default.aspx?tabid=104

10. Typical Coal-Fired Power Plant

11. CO2 Mitigation Options http://www.netl.doe.gov

12. Carbon Sequestration Options http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2006/energy.html

13. Ocean Sequestration http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/sea-carb-bish.html

14. Nuclear Energy Consumption – a green alternative to fossil emission

15. Transportation Concerns http://www.nei.org/http://www.nei.org/index.asp?catnum=2&catid=84

16. Wind Energy

17. US Wind Energy Generation

18. 2003 1.8 MW 350’ 2000 850 kW 265’ Recent Capacity Enhancements 2006 5 MW 600’

19. Costs Nosedive  Wind’s Success 38 cents/kWh 3.5-5.0 cents/kWh Levelized cost at good wind sites in nominal dollars, not including tax credit

20. Solar Energy Solar Centre at Baglan Energy Park in South Wales http://www.c-a-b.org.uk/projects/tech1.htm

21. Large Scale Solar – Land Use Issues http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel

22. Small Scale Solar – yes , yes ,yes

23. Oceanic Energy

24. “Mighty Whale” Design – Japan http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/MTD/Whale/

25. Ocean Wave Conversion System http://www.sara.com/energy/WEC.html

26. Geothermal Energy Plant Geothermal energy plant in Iceland http://www.wateryear2003.org/en/

27. Methods of Heat Extraction http://www.geothermal.ch/eng/vision.html

28. Global Geothermal Sites http://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/umwelt/img/geothe.jpg

29. Bioenergy Cycle http://www.repp.org/bioenergy/bioenergy-cycle-med2.jpg

30. Types of Biomass

31. Landfill Gasses Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

32. Hydrogen Economy Schematic

33. Transporting Hydrogen

34. One Transition Plan UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONINTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR HYDROGEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES http://www.unido-ichet.org/ICHET-transition.php

35. Distributed Generation as the New Power Grid

36. Centralized vs. Distributed Generation http://www.nfcrc.uci.edu/fcresources/FCexplained/stationary.htm

37. Central Power Generation (today) • Remote, Large, Expensive • Long Distance Delivery • Fossil Fuel Plants • Waste Heat (Nuclear) • Environment Unfriendly (Co2) • Health Unfriendly (Nox, So2, Pm10, Hg) • Nuclear Plants • Waste Disposal • Hydroelectric Plants • Flooding • Unreliable (2000-2003) • 110 Grid Failures • Cost $80-123 B./Yr • Adds 29-45% To Electric Bill http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

38. Distributed Generation • Located next to user • Range of energy sources • Fossil fuel, waste gas, renewables, • Hydrogen, nuclear • Capacity kw –Mw • Economic benefits • “Waste” heat used • Lowers fossil fuel use • Low investment • Power failure losses eliminated • Environmental/ health costs reduced • Grid costs – peak/capital • Lower electric bills   • Flexibility of location • Cogeneration • Combined heat & power (CHP) • Micropower http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

39. Sources of DG • Solar – photovoltaic and thermal • Wind Turbines • Hydroelectric (large scale and micro) • Geothermal • Oceanic • Nuclear • Fossil Fuels • Combined Heat & Power (CHP) http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

40. Microturbines • Low to moderate initial capital cost • Fuel flexibility, • burn either gaseous (natural gas, propane, biogases, oil-field flared gas) or liquid fuels (diesel, kerosene) • Heat released from burning the fuel also providing heating and cooling needs (CHP • Extremely low air emissions • NOx, CO, and SOx • Continuous operating even during brownout or blackout A cutaway of a microturbine; 30 and 60-kilowatt units have just one moving part – a shaft that turns at 96,000 rpm.

41. Microturbine Systems http://www.cleanenergyresourceteams.org/microturbines.html http://www.wapa.gov/es/pubs/esb/2001/01Jun/microturbine.htm

42. Micro-Hydro http://www.itdg.org/?id=micro_hydro_expertise http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/yourhome/technical/fs46.htm

43. Summary • Solutions Exist both on small scale and very large scale • We do not really have an energy crisis – we do have an energy by fossil fuel crisis • Transition requires leadership and courage and commitment – a true test of humanity as a global entity. • OTEC, Wind, Small Scale Solar, Snakes, Dragons, Hydrogen Production represents solution space