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Exploring Nonverbal Communication: Functions and Implications

Discover the definition, functions, and areas of nonverbal communication while examining the impact on intercultural interactions. Case studies and exercises enhance understanding. Explore paralanguage, chronemics, proxemics, and kinesics with real-world examples and class activities.

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Exploring Nonverbal Communication: Functions and Implications

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  1. Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication

  2. Nonverbal Communication • Consider the past and you will know the present. —Chinese Proverb • There is language in her eyes, her cheeks, her lip, nay, her foot speaks. —Shakespeare • In human intercourse the tragedy begins not when there is misunderstanding about words, but when silence is not understood. —Henry David Thoreau

  3. Learning Objectives • understand the definition and functions of nonverbal intercultural communication • identify different aspects of nonverbal communication • understand the implications of nonverbal communication interculturally

  4. Case 1 Bush’s Gesture • Why were Norwegians shocked? • What can we conclude from the case?

  5. Nonverbal Communication Paralanguage D C A B E An Introduction to Nonverbal Communication Chronemics Proxemics Kinesics

  6. While-Class Learning: Text A Pre-reading Activity: expressing opinions Without words, how will you express yourself and communicate with others?

  7. While-class Learning: Text A An Introduction to Nonverbal Communication 1. Definition of Nonverbal Communication 2. Functions of Nonverbal Communication 3. Areas of Nonverbal Communication

  8. An Introduction to Nonverbal Communication communication = 35% verbal messages + 65% nonverbal behaviors • similar nonverbal expression: universal emotions, such as happiness, fear, and sadness • differences in nonverbal expression of the same meaning or feeling: source of confusion

  9. Text A: An Introduction to Nonverbal Communication 1. Definition of Nonverbal Communication

  10. Text A: An Introduction to Nonverbal Communication 2. Functions of Nonverbal Communication a. Repeating b. Complementing c. Substituting d. Regulating e. Contradicting

  11. 2. Functions of Nonverbal Communication a. Repeating 1) repeat 2) clarify 3) emphasize

  12. 2. Functions of Nonverbal Communication b. Complementing

  13. 2. Functions of Nonverbal Communication c. Substituting substitute verbal messages in certain settings

  14. 2. Functions of Nonverbal Communication d. Regulating Regulate and manage communication by using some form of nonverbal behavior

  15. 2. Functions of Nonverbal Communication e. Contradicting On some occasions, nonverbal actions send signals opposite from the literal meanings contained in our verbal messages.

  16. 3. Areas of Nonverbal Communication • Time language (chronemics) • Space language (proxemics) • Body language (kinesics) • Paralanguage (voice modulation)

  17. Case 2 Functions of Nonverbal Communication

  18. Text B: Chronemics • the study of time: how people use it, structure it, interpret it, and understand its passage • two perspectives: 1. time orientations 2. time systems

  19. Text B: Chronemics 1. Time Orientations: the value or importance the members of a culture place on the passage of time a. Past-oriented Cultures b. Present-oriented Cultures c. Future-oriented Cultures

  20. B.1 Time Orientations a. Past-oriented Cultures previous experiences and events as most important b. Present-oriented Cultures current experiences as most important c. Future-oriented Cultures tomorrow — or some other moment in the future — is most important

  21. Text B: Chronemics 2. Time Systems: different cultures, different ways of organizing time a. Monochronic Time (M-Time) b. Polychronic Time (P-Time)

  22. a. Monochronic Time (M-Time) • Things should be done one at a time. • Time is segmented into precise, small units. • Time is viewed as a commodity; it is scheduled, managed, and arranged. • An event is regarded as separate and distinct from all others and should receive the exclusive focus of attention it deserves.

  23. b. Polychronic Time (P-Time) • Several things are being done at the same time. • Often schedule multiple appointments simultaneously

  24. Comparison of Monochronic and Polychronic Cultures

  25. Case 3 Left in the Cold Katherine: an English woman teaching in Beijing Prof. Wang: a Chinese in Katherine’s school • How would you explain the Director’s behavior toward Katherine? • How would you make the Director understand why Katherine felt frustrated and angry?

  26. While-Class Learning: Text C Proxemics 1. Definition: the study of how people differ in their use of spatial relations 2. Three aspects of space

  27. C.1: Personal Space • the interpersonal relationship

  28. C.1: Personal Space • we are surrounded at all moments by a personal space • space changes depending on the interpersonal relationship • four major types of distances in American social and business circumstances (1) Intimate distance (2) Personal distance (3) Social distance (4) Public distance

  29. North American Zones of Space

  30. C.1: Personal Space • Personality also determines the amount of personal space. eg. introverts — extroverts • Cultural styles play a big part too. eg. Japanese — American • body distance: touch culture, nontouch culture

  31. C.1: personal space • Personality • Cultural styles Short Distance: Latins, Mediterranean Arabs Medium Distance: Americans, Northern Europeans Long Distance: Japanese, Mediterranean Europeans

  32. C2: Semifixed Features of Space • spatial arrangements of movable objects within a room (1) Seating arrangements (2) Furniture arrangement

  33. C2: Semifixed Features of Space (1) Seating arrangements

  34. C2: Semifixed Features of Space (2) Furniture arrangement

  35. C3: Fixed Features of Space

  36. C3: Fixed Features of Space ▲ The origin of fixed features of space began with cultural needs over territoriality. ▲ The Americans whose culture stresses individualism generally demand more space than do people from collectivistic cultures.

  37. Case 4 Personal Space Mark: a Danish just moved to Sydney • Why did that woman suddenly stop talking with Mark and turned to another man?

  38. Case 5 Americans Are Cold? Eva: a girl from to Peru to America Hilda: the American hostess Jimmy: Hilda’s son • How did Mrs. Larsen and Jimmy greet Eva respectively? • Why did Eva feel that the Larsens were cold? • If you were Eva, would you think that Mrs. Larsen was cold? Why or why not?

  39. While-Class Learning: Text D Kinesics 1. Posture 2. Gestures 3. Facial Expression

  40. While-Class Learning: Text D 4. Eye Contact 5. Smell

  41. D.1. Posture ☆ Japan: • Bow is much more than a greeting • Bow signifies that culture’s concern with status and rank

  42. D.1. Posture ☆ America: • being casual and friendly is valued • drop into a chair or slouch when standing • put feed on the desk

  43. D.2. Gestures • an important component of nonverbal communication • Some gestures widely accepted and understood, such as handshaking • many gestures vary in meaning from culture to culture

  44. D.2. Gestures • Hand gestures • Beckoning sign

  45. D.3. Facial Expression • the most obvious and important source of nonverbal communication • a basic set of at least six facial expressions: happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and surprise

  46. D.3. Facial Expression • same facial expression, different meanings smiling 1) America 2) Japan 3) Korea 4) Thailand 5) China

  47. D.4. Eye Contact • The way we use eye contact not only transmits messages to others and reflects our personality but also indicates what we are thinking. • The use of eye contact follows some unstated rules. 1) staring at a person at a distance: an invitation 2) returning of the gaze: acceptance of invitation

  48. D.4. Eye Contact • Persons seeking eye contact while speaking tend to be more believable. However, these rules may vary in different cultures. 1) Western societies 2) Japan 3) Latin American and Caribbean cultures 4) Arabs

  49. D.5. Smell • the sense of smell can also be a conduit for meaning • cultures have been using odor in a variety of ways 1) Americans 2) Japanese 3) Arabs

  50. Case 6 Physical Contact • Parfait Awono: a Cameroonian teaching in the US • Sun Mei: a Chinese woman Sarah: Sun Mei’s American friend • Why were the students in the French class unwilling to hold hands with others? • Why did Sun Mei behave as she did? • If you are parting from your boyfriend or girlfriend, will you hug and kiss each other? Why? • How do you look at other behaviors such as handholding between members of the same sex and between members of different sexes, fondling other people’s babies, and parents kissing in front of their children?

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