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Chapter 29

Chapter 29. Safety, Infection Control, and Hygiene. Creating a Culture of Client Safety. National Patient Safety Goals: Identify patients correctly Improve staff communications Use medicines safely Prevent infection Check patient medicines. (continued).

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Chapter 29

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  1. Chapter 29 Safety, Infection Control, and Hygiene

  2. Creating a Culture of Client Safety • National Patient Safety Goals: • Identify patients correctly • Improve staff communications • Use medicines safely • Prevent infection • Check patient medicines (continued)

  3. Creating a Culture of Client Safety • National Patient Safety Goals: • Prevent patients from falling • Help patients be involved in own care • Identify patient safety risks • Watch patients closely for changes • Prevent errors in surgery

  4. Factors Affecting Safety • Age • Lifestyle • Sensory and perceptual alterations • Mobility • Emotional state

  5. Types of Accidents • Client behavior • Therapeutic procedure • Equipment

  6. Potential Occupational Hazards • Nurses at risk in workplace • Latex allergies • Work-related musculoskeletal disorders • OSHA • Enforces safety standards • Cites and disciplines agencies not in compliance

  7. Infection Control Principles • Pathogens • Microorganisms that produce disease • Infection • Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms • Results in injury (continued)

  8. Infection Control Principles • Colonization • Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms without tissue injury

  9. Chain of Infection • Agent, host, and environment • Biological agents • Chemical agents • Physical agents • Susceptible host • Compromised host (continued)

  10. Chain of Infection • Modes of transmission • Contact • Airborne • Vehicle • Vector-borne • Break chain

  11. Normal Defense Mechanisms • Nonspecific immune defense: • Skin and normal flora • Mucous membranes and sneeze, cough, and tearing reflexes • Elimination and acidic environment • Inflammation (continued)

  12. Normal Defense Mechanisms • Specific immune defense: • Humoral immunity • Acquired immunity • Vaccination

  13. Stages of the Infectious Process • Infectious responses: • Localized • Limited to defined area or single organ • Systemic • Affects entire body and multiple organs (continued)

  14. Stages of the Infectious Process • Incubation period • Prodromal stage • Illness stage • Convalescent stage

  15. Emerging Infections • Tuberculosis • Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) • Hepatitis • West Nile virus • Viral hemorrhagic fevers • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

  16. Health Care-Associated Infections • Acquired in hospital or other health care facilities • Hospitalized clients at risk for nosocomial infections • Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs)

  17. Hygiene • Factors influencing hygienic practice: • Body image • Social and cultural practices • Personal preferences • Socioeconomic status • Knowledge

  18. Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process • Assessment • Health history • General health perception and management status • Physical examination • Risk factors • Client in inpatient setting • Client in home (continued)

  19. Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process • Assessment • Diagnostic and laboratory data • Blood profile • Altered clotting • Anemic conditions • Leukocytosis (continued)

  20. Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process • Diagnosis • NANDA statements • Risk for injury • Risk for infection • Self-care deficits • Others (continued)

  21. Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process • Outcome identification and planning • Manipulate external environment to reduce risk of injury and infection • Client and caregiver education • Identification of hazards • Health promotion practices (continued)

  22. Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process • Implementation • Raise safety awareness and knowledge • Prevent falls • Restraints • Physical • Chemical • Environment (continued)

  23. Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process • Implementation • Prevent fire • Ensure safe operation of electrical equipment • Reduce exposure to radiation • Prevent poisoning • Reduce noise pollution (continued)

  24. Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process • Implementation • Ensure asepsis • Medical • Reduces number, growth, and spread of microorganisms • Clean technique • Hand hygiene (continued)

  25. Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process • Implementation • Ensure asepsis • Surgical • Eliminates microorganisms and spores • Sterile technique • Sterile gloves • Surgical attire • Surgical hand antisepsis • Gown and closed glove (continued)

  26. Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process • Implementation • Reduce or eliminate infectious agents • Cleansing • Disinfection • Sterilization • Home health care • Disposal of infectious waste • Sharps-related hazards (continued)

  27. Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process • Implementation • Practice standard and isolation precautions • Contact • Droplet • Airborne (continued)

  28. Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process • Implementation • Employ alternative therapies • Herbal baths • Bath for specific body part • Full body bath • Herbs for infections (continued)

  29. Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process • Implementation • Provide for client bathing needs • Cleaning baths • Shower • Tub bath • Self-help bath • Complete bed bath • Partial bath (continued)

  30. Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process • Implementation • Provide for client bathing needs • Therapeutic bath • Hot or warm water tub bath • Cool or tepid bath • Sitz bath (continued)

  31. Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process • Implementation • Provide clean bed linen • Unoccupied • Occupied • Provide skin care • Perineal care • Back rubs (continued)

  32. Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process • Implementation • Provide foot and nail care • Provide oral care • Fluoride • Flossing • Brushing • Care for unconscious client (continued)

  33. Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process • Implementation • Provide hair care • Brushing and combing • Shampooing • Shaving • Mustache and beard care (continued)

  34. Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process • Implementation • Provide eye, ear, and nose care • Eyes • Contact lenses • Ears • Hearing aids • Nose (continued)

  35. Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process • Evaluation • Client free from injury • Client free from infection • Self-care needs met

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