1450-1750 The World Shrinks

1. 1450-1750The World Shrinks

2. Big Picture • Why did Europe become the dominant power during this time period? • b/c they wanted OR technological superiority • Why did some of the European nation-states develop vast empires while others did not?

3. Big Picture • What were some of the differences among the ways in which non-European cultures interacted with Europe? • Why? • What were the consequences? • Why different degrees of interaction?

4. Big Picture • How did the global economy change during this time period?

5. Major European Developments • Transition out of feudalism • Renaissance • Humanism • Decline in power of Catholic Church • Art & Architecture

6. Medieval entirely religious Flat and stiff Renaissance both religious and secular realistic C/C Art in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance

7. Major European Developments • Gutenberg’s Printing Press • Protestant Reformation • Martin Luther—1517 95 Thesis • John Calvin • King Henry VIII • Counter Revolution—Council of Trent • End investiture • Jesuits established

8. Protestant Reformation • Previous skirmishes were about papal political authority • Luther’s was about theological and the pope’s religious role • Paved the way for revolutions in politics and science

9. Major European Developments • Scientific Revolution • Copernicus • Galileo • Scientific Method • Deism

10. Church defends itself on 2 Fronts • Both the Protestant Reformation and the Scientific Revolution challenged the absolute authority of the pope. • Reformation on religious grounds • Scientific on scientific and mathematical grounds • Both equally as influential

11. Major European Developments • Enlightenment • Role of the mankind in relation to the government • Greatly influenced the framers of the US Constitution • Challenge divine right • Social contract

12. Enlightenment • Thomas Hobbes—people were naturally evilneed absolute monarchy as long as benevolent (social contract) • John Locke—optimistic view of mankind; born free w/inalienable rights; govt should rule in the interest of people; bad government should be replaced

13. Enlightenment • Jean Jacques Rousseau—all men equal and society should represent the general will (majority rule) • Montesquieu—separation of powers • Voltaire—freedom speech and religious toleration • Enlightened despots—Joseph II of Austria, Frederick II of Prussia and the Russians

14. Major European Developments • Exploration & Expansion • Prince Henry the Navigator • Vasco de Gama • Christopher Columbus • Treaty of Tordesillas • Conquistadors—Cortes and Pizzaro

15. Exploration & Expansion • Technology required: • Sternpost rudder (Chinese) • Lateen sails • Astrolabe (Arab) • Magnetic Compass (Chinese) • Three-Masted Caravels

16. C/C Expansion in the Americas v. Empire Building Elsewhere • Romans, Mongols, Muslims—either allowed existing cultural traditions or converted to their way of doing things • America the population was wiped out + moved in a large # of new people

17. Exploration & Expansion • Encomienda System—American Feudalism • Social hierarchy • Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattos • viceroys • African Slave Trade—Middle Passage • Columbian Exchange

18. Demographic Shifts • Aztecs and Incas wiped out • Huge cities were depopulated • Europeans moved by the hundreds of thousands • Millions of Africans were forced to migrate • Middle Class gets rich with trade

19. Commercial Revolution • Joint stock company • Banking & investing • Monopoly on a trade good or area • Middle class $$ • Mercantilism • Favorable balance of trade

20. Europe • Spain • Ferdinand & Isabella • Philip II—Spanish Inquisition & Armada • England • Henry VIII—Act of Supremacy • Elizabeth—arts • James I—English translation of Bible • Charles IOliver CromwellCharles II

21. Europe • France • Huguenots—French Protestants • Louis XIV—Versailles; “Sun King” • Germany (Holy Roman Empire—sort of) • Divided • Thirty Years’ War 1618—Protestants vs. Catholics; Peace of Westphalia

22. Ottoman Empire • 1450-1922 • 1453 Fall of Constantinople • Janissaries—enslaved Christian children and turned them into fighting warriors • Main expansion under Selim I • Suleiman I (the Maginficent) didn’t focus on war, but on art (Golden Age)

23. Russia • Third Rome—Moscow • Ivan III declared free of Mongol rule • Ivan IV est absolute rule, czar; unite and expand; St. Basils • Cossacks—peasants to settle frontiers • Time of Troubles • Michael Romanov 1613 • Peter the Great—westernization & military • Catherine the Great—increased serfdom & gained westward to the Med Sea

24. Westernization of Russia • Peter & Catherine are important b/c they positioned Russia for engagement with the rest of the world, esp the West • It gained sea access to the West by the Baltic and Black Seas • Cultural access to West • C/C to China & Japan that repelled the West from their shores; Russia actively engaged

25. India • Babur claimed descend from Genghis Khan; Muslim; defeated Delhi Sultanate and est Mughal Empire • United entire subcontinent • Akbar—religious toleration—Golden Age • Shah Jahan—Taj Mahal • Religious toleration ended & Europeans arrived • Est ports in Goa, Bombay & Calcutta

26. China • Yuan—Mongols • Ming • Zheng He then isolation • Qing from Manchuria • Allowed European trade thru ports • When felt threatened expelled them; Canton

27. Japan • Shoguns still ruled; emperor a figure head • 1542 traded with Europe to acquire guns • Christian missionaries • 1600 Tokugawa Ieyasu est Tokugawa Shogunate (Edo period)—strict rule; took away power from daimyo • Caste system (warrior, farmer, artisan, merchant) • National Seclusion Act 1635

28. C/C India, China & Japan on European Aggression • Japan reacted most decisively • China & India both allowed trade and occupation of ports • China began to limit under the Manchus • India was less suspecting and will pay dearly

29. What About the Non-European Culture? Why was their interaction with the West so varied? • China & Japan highly organized; fewer Europeans there • Africa was fragmented, but not interested in running over b/c could trade easily • Americas overwhelmed with disease and technology • Ottoman Empire was limited b/c avoided overland trade routes

30. What about the Global Economy? • Sailing diminished need for Asian overland routes • Mercantilism required dependence on est of imperialism married economic and political developments • Joint-stock companies took major economic motivation out of the hands of government; more people had a stake in trade routes and conquests • B/C the benefits of economic prosperity were diffused among a larger group of individuals the govt began to lose grip on control