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Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece. NCSCOS Goal 2.02. Geography Shapes Greece. On the Ionian and Aegean Sea How will this shape their life? Used sea as “roads” Trade!! Mountains on ¾ of ancient Greece How is this going to influence them? Created many small “communities” Kept them separate Little farming.

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Ancient Greece

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  1. Ancient Greece NCSCOS Goal 2.02

  2. Geography Shapes Greece • On the Ionian and Aegean Sea • How will this shape their life? • Used sea as “roads” • Trade!! • Mountains on ¾ of ancient Greece • How is this going to influence them? • Created many small “communities” • Kept them separate • Little farming

  3. Early Settlement • Not united • Separate lands of Greek speaking people • Minoans • Island of Crete • Elaborate and elegant civilization

  4. Early Writing System:“Linear A” (Undecipherable) Canon?

  5. Mycenaean Civilization Develops • Mycenae fortress capital • Led by warrior kings • Invaded Minoans on Crete • Kept some Minoan culture • Value of trade • Writing system • Legends becomes part of religion

  6. The Minoan World: mid-2M B.C.E.

  7. Trojan War (Movie Troy) • 1200 BC • Mycenaean kings fight 10 year war against Troy • Paris (prince of Troy) kidnapped Helen (queen of Sparta) • Trojan Horse

  8. Greek Culture Declines Under Dorians • Mycenaean civilization collapse after war • Dorians move into area • Greek ancestors • Trade fell • Economy collapse • No written records

  9. City-States Emerge • Polis—fundamental political unit • Agora—public center • Acropolis—fortified hilltop

  10. Agora-Marketplace

  11. Governing Greek City-States • Monarchy—rule by king or queen • Aristocracy—rule by small group of nobles • Oligarchy—rule by few powerful people • Some representative governments too.

  12. New Military Develops • Shift from bronze to iron • More “common” people can afford to fight • How does this affect rule? • Hoplites—foot soldiers • Phalanx—military formation • Tyrants (powerful individuals) take over

  13. Athens and Sparta

  14. Messenians • Conquered by Spartans • Made Messenianshelots (slaves) • Demanded half years crop

  15. Spartan Education • Did not value individuality • No artistic expression • Men • At 7 trained in military • Marched barefooted • Girls • Ran, wrestled, played sports, gymnastics • Managed estates (homes) while husband was governing

  16. Strong Government Created • Assembly of free adult males • Council of Elders—proposed laws • Five elected officials (ephors) carried out laws • Two kings ruled military • Social groups • Native peoples • Free non-citizens • Helots • slaves

  17. Reform • Clashes b/t aristocrats and commoners • Cylon—commoners stopped a tyranny • Draco(621 BC)—wrote first set of laws • Contracts and property ownership • Solon(594 BC)—chosen to lead gov. • Outlawed debt slavery • Any citizen can bring charges • Encourage export of grapes and olives • High demand for these • Pisistratus(546 BC)—b/co tyrant • Provided funds to peasants for farming • Taxed agricultural production • Gave jobs to poor

  18. Reforms of Cleisthenes (508 BC) • Made Athens a true democracy • Increase power of assembly • Broke up nobility • Allowed all to propose laws • Created Council of Five Hundred • Proposed laws • Counseled the assembly

  19. Athenian Democracy • Unlike Sparta • Citizens participated directly in government • Only free adult males were citizens • Women, slaves, and foreigners few rights

  20. Persian Wars Darius (Persian) and Athens

  21. Battle at Marathon • Retaliation for Athens helping Ionian Greeks • Explain • 490 BC—Persian fleet fight Athenians at Marathon • Greek Phalanxes defeat Persians • Runner sent to Athens to tell the story • Pheidippides • Don’t give up Athens

  22. Thermopylae and Salamis • Mountain pass • 480 BC—Xerxes (Darius’ son) invades Greece • Greece too weak to fight • Persians meet no resistance • Spartans held off Persians while Greeks retreated (Movie 300) • Athens • Themistocles plan • Abandon Athens and fight at sea • Xerxes fires Athens • Meets Athenians in channel around island of Salamis • Persian ships too big to maneuver • Athens ships defeat Persians

  23. Consequences of the Persian War • Confidence • Freedom • Athens controls alliance (140 city states) • Delian League • Drove Persians out of area • Athens's navy controls league

  24. Pericles • Wise statesman • Great speaker • Respected general • Led for 32 years • 461-429 BC—”AGE OF PERICLES”

  25. Pericles’ Three Goals

  26. 1. Stronger Democracy • Increase # of paid officials • Direct democracy—citizens rule directly

  27. 2. Strengthen Athenian Empire • Build huge navy • 200 ships • Kept safety of empire • Overseas trade • Grain • Other raw materials not found in Greece

  28. 3. Glorify Athens • Beautification projects • Gold, ivory, marble • Paid artisans (15 years of work) • Built the Parthenon • Phidias • Temple for Athena

  29. The Parthenon

  30. The Ancient Olympics:Athletes & Trainers

  31. Peloponnesian War 431 BC Spartans and Athenians Go to War

  32. War • Athens superior at sea • Spartans superior on land • Sparta burns Athenian food supply • Pericles brings residents into city walls • Food supply safe if ships can come into port

  33. Sparta Gets the Edge • Two reasons • 1. plague kills 1/3-2/3 of Athens's pop. • 2. Athenian soldiers defeated at Syracuse • 413 BC • 404 BC Athens and allies surrenders • Confidence in Democracy falters • uncertainty gives rise to Philosophers

  34. Philosophers Search for Truth • Based on 2 assumptions • 1. universe put together in an orderly way and subject to absolute and unchanging laws • 2. people can understand through logic and reason • Sophists • Questioned peoples beliefs • Protagoras • Questioned traditional Greek gods

  35. Socrates • Encouraged Greeks to examine themselves • People did not understand his ideas • Brought to trial at 70 • Corrupting Athens youth • Neglecting the city’s gods • Sentenced to death • Drank poison

  36. Plato • Student to Socrates • Wrote conversations with Socrates • Wrote The Republic • Ideal society and Not democratic • Smartest of ruling class Philosopher-King

  37. Aristotle • Questioned nature of world, human belief, thought and knowledge • Developed method for arguing using logic (scientific method) • taught Alexander the Great when he was a child

  38. Epics of Homer • Greek’s greatest story teller • Blind • Iliad and the Odyssey • Set in Trojan War

  39. Drama • Tragedy and Comedy • First theaters in west • Tributes to gods and Greek civic pride • Wealthy paid for plays • Civic duty

  40. Greek Art • Sculptures • Graceful, strong, perfectly formed • Body in motion • Values of order, balance, proportion • Classical Art • Athena in Parthenon • 38 feet tall • Gold and ivory

  41. Philip II • King of Macedonia • Tough people • Related to Greeks • Greeks looked down on them • Organized peasants into great army • phalanx • Great general and politician • Defeated northern opposition • Wanted Greece

  42. Conquest of Greece • Greeks were warned—Demosthenes • City-states would not join together • Battle of Chaeronea—decisive battle • Alexander led cavalry charge • 18 years old • Philip killed at daughters wedding • Former guard • 336 BC • Alexander takes over

  43. Alexander the Great356-323 B.C.E.

  44. Alexander the Great • Kept Greece in check • Thebes • Educated by Aristotle • Defeat of Persia • Granicus River • Alexander defeats Persians • Issus • Ordered troops to break through Persian lines • Darius III ran away • Alexander controls Anatolia

  45. Alexander’s Legacy • 322 BC Alexander dies when returns home • Fever • 3 Generals take over • Antigonus—king of Macedonia • Ptolemy—pharaoh of Egypt • Seleucid—king of old Persian Empire • Alexander’s conquests ended independent Greek city states

  46. Alexander the Great’s Empire

  47. Trade in the Hellenistic World

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