Rise of Islam

1. Rise of Islam

2. Islam • 9SS4.f: Describe the life of Muhammad, fundamental teachings of Islam, and the connections of Islam to Judaism and Christianity. • 9SS4.g: Trace the extent and consequences of Islam’s spread in Asia and the Mediterranean region, including North Africa and Europe’s Iberian Peninsula. • 9SS4.h: Explain how the community of Muslims (believers in Islam)became divided into Sunnis and Shi’ites and the long-term consequences of that division.

3. Islam’s Beginnings • Ishmael’s offspring 1st Arabs • Arabs moved south better living • Empires built • wealth procured through Silk Road • Muslim merchants use coins extensively • Extended credit to buyers over distance • Bedouin- nomadic tribe • Looked down on sedentary people • Had to visit oasis towns Yathrib, Madins, Taif, and Mecca • Mecca is most important trade and religious center, located on Arabian Peninsula near Red Sea • Islam • Means submission • Belief that peace is achieved through submission to God

5. Islam’s Beginnings • Muhammed (M) • From Quraysh Tribe • settled in Mecca over a century before Muhammed’s birth • 570 M born • Early life marked by death • Father’s death left family desolate and poor • Shortly after M sent to live among nomads • Tribal tradition • Said to promote character and health

6. Islam’s Beginnings • Returned to family age 5 • Age 5 mother dies • Sent to paternal grandfather, who dies 2 yrs later • Sent to uncle Abu Talib- clan chief (Hashemites) • Talib taught essential skills- trade, buying, selling, haggling

7. Islam’s Beginnings • M often went to mountains to meditate in evenings • During meditation Gabriel came to M • M wrote down the revelations that Gabriel brought over the course of 5 years, becomes Koran • 615 G tells M to reveal the teachings • M hosts dinner party to make announcement • Most guests laugh • The message was to give alms to the poor and surrender to God • Religion named Islam meaning submission • Converts called Muslim meaning one who surrenders • First Muslims • M’s wife Khadija • Ali, M’s cousin • Few other close friends

8. Islam • 9SS4.f: Describe the life of Muhammad, fundamental teachings of Islam, and the connections of Islam to Judaism and Christianity. • 9SS4.g: Trace the extent and consequences of Islam’s spread in Asia and the Mediterranean region, including North Africa and Europe’s Iberian Peninsula. • 9SS4.h: Explain how the community of Muslims (believers in Islam)became divided into Sunnis and Shi’ites and the long-term consequences of that division.

9. Islam’s Beginnings • M take Ali as his only son • M _______ in the streets • Wealthy alms for poor • Message received • well by poor • Not well by wealthy • Bosses complain about Muslims praying 5/day • Arabs worshipped many pagan gods • Kaaba brought many tourists • This brought income • Concept of one god foreign • Accuse M of witchcraft and sorcery

10. Islam’s Beginnings • Pagan Pilgrims Profitable • M’s teachings threaten this income • Wealthy harass M & followers • Muslims begin to practice outside ____ City walls

11. Muhammad leaves Mecca • M seeks other protection • Muslims in Yathrib sneak M out • Mass exodus to Yathrib 622 • Higira, or hijra, the Emigration • 622 1st year of Muslim’s calendar • Yathrib renamed Medina, “city of the Prophet”

12. Medina • M takes charge of city • M is in charge of everything • Makes laws • Settles disputes • Making a living • Nomadic training = raiding parties • 1st target caravan from Mecca to Syria

13. The 1st Battle • M’s force faces 600 • M was victorious • Location • Fought as one • 1st jihad (struggle) • Captives live • M & the Jews • 1st relations good • M upset that they won’t recognize • Jihad (struggle) • 1st encounter 1 Muslim, 1 Jew die • M evicts 1 major Jewish tribe • Leads to war

14. Casualties lead to polygamy (up to 4 wives) • Veils • M protects wives with curtain/veil from needy followers • Called Hijab • Harem- protected part of the palace/house for the wives.

15. Jihad- Struggle • Struggle with Jews & Meccans yrs. • Raised _____ of 10K • Took Mecca without force • Icons destroyed; Kabba left • Site of first Hajj pilgrimage 632 • Muhammad dies 632 army

16. Spread of Muslim Rule

17. Spread of Muslim Rule

18. Spread of Muslim Rule

19. Spread of Muslim Rule

20. Spread of Muslim Rule

21. Spread of Muslim Rule

22. 5 Pillars of Islam • Confession of faith • Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) • Fasting • Alms giving • Prayer

23. Basic Ideas of Islam • Believed Koran best understood in Arabic • Cannot eat pork or consume alcohol • jihad means “struggle for the faith” but has also been translated to “holy war” • Allah is the same as Jewish and Christian name for God • Abraham, Moses, and Muhammad considered messengers of God – but Jews do not recognize M as prophet

24. Comparisons

25. Succession • No appointed successor • Abu Bakr chosen • Next successor, Umar, (supported by Umayyad clan of Mecca) • battled against Sassanid Empire (Persians) • Yazdegard(Persian king) takes troops across river leads to defeat

26. Sassanid Defeat • Factors leading to defeat • Inept leadership • Arab faith • Muslim acceptance of all people • Hero Abu Mihian • Teaching Arabic • Sassanid influence • Government structure • Poll tax for other religions

27. Expansion of Territory • 633-642 • Muslims took Palestine, Syria, Egypt • After only 10 yrs of M’s death, followers created an empire

28. Sects • Shura • Companions • First converts • Elected new caliphs • Assassination of Uthman, Umayyad clan • Shura elects Ali • Ali killed and Umayyads retake control

29. Sects • Regicide causes civil war • 4factions • Sunni means “followers of the Sunna” or “way of the prophet” • Supported Muawiya • Heir of Uthman of the Umayyad Clan • Shiameans “party of Ali” also called “The Faction” • Supporters of Ali • Only decedents of Muhammad, imam, should be caliph and only they can interpret the Koran • Kharijites, Secessionists • Caliph should be pious • Entire Muslim community should elect leader • Sufis • Seek a mystical, personal connection with God using meditation and breath control

30. Muawiya and the Sunnis • Conquered territory in North Africa and Byzantine empire • Transferred capital of Arab empire from Medina to Damascus (city taken from Byzantines) • First caliph to declare his own successor (chose his son) • Final move toward true monarchy with hereditary succession • Muawiya and Uthman were founders of Umayyad dynasty Muawiya on a Sassasin-style coin

31. Muawiya and the Sunnis • Muawiya’s son and successor, Yazid, accused of stealing the caliphate • Grandson of M, Husayn, led rebellion • 680, Battle at Karbala, Iraq – Husayn killed > deepened Sunni v. Shia split • Today, most Shia (or Shiites) live in Iran

32. The Sunni-Shia Divide p. 265

33. Umayyad Dynasty • Umayyads strengthen rule • Arabic official language • Uniform coinage in empire • Spread of Islamic architecture • Conquered vast territory • Other religions can practice but pay heavy tax • Large caliphate = ruling class of Arab Muslims (conflicted with Muslim ideal of equality)

34. Abbasid Dynasty • Abbasids consolidate Umayyad’s opponents; led by direct descendent of M’s uncle • Battles in 740’s in Iran and Iraq wiped out nearly all Umayyad family • Move capital to Baghdad, Iraq (along Tigris River) > marked beginning of the end of Arab domination • Adopted Persian style of government - Isolated from people; use viziers • Islam becomes universal through trade; spread to West Africa and Southeast Asia

35. Abbasid Dynasty • End of Unity - Power weakened in 800’s into 900’s; caliph becomes powerless figurehead • Challenges • Crusades – Christians drive Muslims out of Spain, Europeans retake Holy Land (Jerusalem) • Fatimid dynasty in Egypt controlled Mediterranean and Red Seas and become more powerful that Abbasids • Seljuks, Turks, took control of Baghdad, drove Byzantines out, established their own empire • Mongols from China and Central Asia destroyed Baghdad and killed the Abbasid caliph > end of the caliphate

37. Muslim Society • Muslim civilization remained distinct because Islam affected all aspects of daily life • Women considered equal but lost status during Abbasid rule • Economy built on commerce (trade) pp.268-269

38. Muslim Scholarship • Islam encouraged curiosity and inquiry • Translated classic Greek texts to Arabic; then translated to Latin and used in European universities • Spain became exchange point for knowledge

39. Muslim Scholarship • Perfected astrolabe (astronomy essential for navigation) • Algebra and Trigonometry came from Muslims • Also made advances in medicine, geography, and history

40. Muslim Arts and Literature • Used geometric patterns and floral designs - arabesques (people = temptation to worship) • Calligraphy • Mosques – feature minarets and domes • Literature – Arabian Nights or 1001 nights and Rubaiyat(collection of 4-line poems written by Omar Khayyam

41. Document-Based Investigation p. 276-277 • Document 1 – The Importance of the Hajj • Document 2 – The Journey to Mecca • Document 3 – Traveling by Land • Document 4 – Traveling by Sea • Work with a partner. • Read the documents and jot down notes. • Answer questions. • Write the essay together.

42. Islam • 9SS4.f: Describe the life of Muhammad, fundamental teachings of Islam, and the connections of Islam to Judaism and Christianity. • 9SS4.g: Trace the extent and consequences of Islam’s spread in Asia and the Mediterranean region, including North Africa and Europe’s Iberian Peninsula. • 9SS4.h: Explain how the community of Muslims (believers in Islam)became divided into Sunnis and Shi’ites and the long-term consequences of that division.