“Tox In” The City Exploring Environmental Health Science Issues Student Notes

1. “Tox In” The City Exploring Environmental Health Science Issues Student Notes Name ________________________ Date _________

2. HEADLINES • Antiperspirants Cause Breast Cancer • Warning: Febreze is Toxic to Pet! • Dioxins Released by Freezing Water Bottles • Chlorinated Water Causes Cancer What’s a person supposed to think?

3. Environmental Health -Then & Now "If you want to learn about the health of a population, look at the air they breath, the water they drink, and the places where they live.“ - Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine, in the Fifth Century BC.

4. What is Environmental Health Science? Definition:____________________________________________________________________________________________

5. ENVIRONMENT Environment = ___________ Environment + ____________ Environment + __________ Environment

6. Sources of Environmental Hazards & Hazards BRAINSTORM • Look at the Tox Town Scene for Activity #1 • Identify Potential Sources of Environmental Hazards • Identifythe Potential Hazards associated with each source

7. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES Today, the environmental health sciences aren't entirely about pesticides and other chemical pollutants in our air and water. The definition of "environmental health" has broadened to include the environment we create for ourselves (by smoking or not smoking, and by our diet, for example). It also includes the medicines and other therapies we are prescribed, our occupations and places of work, and our lifestyles: Are we couch potatoes or joggers? Sexually reckless or responsible? Listening to loud music or keeping the volume down? http://www.niehs.nih.gov/oc/factsheets/ead/healthy.htm

8. City Scene

9. Farm Scene

10. Home Scene

11. Town Scene

12. How Does Environmental Health Sciences Differ From How Humans Affect the Environment (Ecology)? Activity #2 -Think, Pair, Share Do Think/Pair/Share Activity

13. Ecology Ecology - _____________________________ May study how water pollution is harming _________

14. Environmental Health Science Environmental HealthScientist May study how eating the fish is harming __________. Focus is on __________Health

15. Examples of Environmental Hazards that Cause Human Health Problems • Pesticides/Herbicides • Arsenic • Lead • Mold • Carbon monoxide • Asbestos • Benzene • Electromagnetic Fields • Alcohol • Radon • Ozone • Particulate Matter • Tobacco • Dioxins • Noise Pollution

16. TOXICITY • Toxicology _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ • Toxicity __________________________________

17. TOXIN • Toxicant (Poison)— ___________________________________ ___________________________________

18. IS THIS CHEMICAL A TOXIN? Read Activity #3 Article and Decide

19. IS THIS CHEMICAL A TOXIN? DIHYDROGEN MONOXIDE • The dangers of dihydrogen monoxide include: • Also called "hydroxylacid", a major component of acid rain; • Contributes to soil erosion; • Contributes to the greenhouse effect; •  Accelerates corrosion and breakdown of electrical equipment; • Excessive ingestion may cause various unpleasant effects; • Prolonged contact with its solid form results in severe tissue damage; • Inhalation, even in small quantities, may cause death; • Its gaseous form may cause severe burns; • It has been found in the tumors of terminal cancer patients; • Withdrawal by those addicted to it causes certain death within 168 hrs Nevertheless, governments and corporations continue using it widely, heedless of its grave dangers.

20. Is This Chemical a Toxin? Read the news headline on the next slide:

21. Police: Student Died From ‘Water Intoxication’ During Hazing POSTED: Tuesday, May 6, 2003 Plattsburgh, New York-- The death of a freshman pledging the Psi Epsilon Chi fraternity at the State University of New York College at Plattsburgh has led to 11 members being charged with 150 crimes, including hazing and negligent homicide, at the conclusion of the police investigation. The freshman reportedly died of hydroneutremia, or water intoxication, which caused swelling of the brain. So, is water a toxicant????

22. Any chemical can be toxic if you eat, drink, or absorb too much of it.

23. THE DOSE MAKES THE POISON “All substances are poisons; there is none that is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy.” Paracelsus (1493-1541)

24. SOURCE OF EXPOSURE A hazard’s ________ ___ __________, such as cars, industry, farming, etc.

25. ENVIRONMENTAL PATHWAY Means of getting from the source to us. Can include: * air we breath * water we drink * food we eat * soil in which we play and grow food

26. EXPOSURE EXPOSURE ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

27. __________ ______________ _____________ __________ ____________ ROUTES OF EXPOSURE

28. DOSE DOSE -- the term used to describe the specific amount of a chemical that enters the body.

29. DOSE DOSAGE • is the amount of chemical per unit of body weight. • usually given as milligrams of chemical per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg)

30. DOSE Perform Activity #4

31. Effects of Amount on Dose Increasing the amount of chemical for the same size of organism Dose increases

32. Effects of Size on Dose A smaller size of organism with the same amount of chemical Dose increases

33. DURATION OF EXPOSURE FREQUENCY OF EXPOSURE BODY SIZE DOSE/RESPONSE Dose Depends on:

34. PROBLEM Who took the largest dose of Tylenol? • An adult woman who weighs 125 lb and took 300 mg of Tylenol • B. An adult man who weighs 180 lb and took 300 mg of Tylenol • C. A teenage boy who weighs 135 lb and took 600 mg of Tylenol • D. A baby who weighs 20 lb and took 100 mg of Tylenol

35. A. 300mg/125lb= mg/lb 2.4 1.7 B. 300mg/180lb= mg/lb C. 600mg/135lb= mg/lb 4.4 D. 100mg/20lb= mg/lb 5.0 PROBLEM Who took the largest dose of Tylenol? Answer: To calculate dose, divide the amount of the hazard by the body weight The concentration of the chemical in the small body is much higher than in the larger bodies.

36. What amount causes harm? Some chemicals are good in small amounts, but toxic in large amountsExample: botulinum toxinSmall amount → Large amount →

37. What amount causes harm? Some chemicals are good in small amounts, but toxic in large amountsExample: botulinum toxinSmall amount → prevents wrinkles (BOTOX)Large amount → paralysis, death

38. TOXIC EFFECTS Rank the following in order of least toxic (1) to most toxic (6) based on LD50 data:

39. TOXIC EFFECTS Rank the following in order of least toxic (1) to most toxic (6) based on LD50 data:

40. TOXIC EFFECTS Approximate Lethal Doses of Common Chemicals (Calculated for a 160 lb. human based on data on rats) Source: NIH Curriculum, Chemicals, the Environment, and You Videodiscovery, 2000

41. TOXIC EFFECTS Terms used to refer different durations of exposure:

42. TOXIC EFFECTS Terms used to refer different durations of exposure:

43. INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY Why did I get sick and she didn’t? Depends on:

44. AGE BODY SIZE GENETICS GENDER GENERAL HEALTH INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY Why did I get sick and she didn’t? Depends on:

45. PROBLEM A family has a clogged furnace that is producing carbon monoxide, a hazardous gas. Which family member is likely to be harmed the most? • Nicholas, the son who is in 12th grade • Baby Quianna, who is going into preschool next year • C. Mrs. Shaw, the mother who works at home • Mr. Shaw, the father who works at the local book store

46. ANSWER: Dose depends on several factors. Here we can estimate: * length of exposure, * age of the people exposed, and * size of the people exposed. It is most likely that Baby Quianna is most likely to be harmed as: 1) she is the youngest and therefore 2) the smallest, and 3) spends the most time in the home along with her mother.

47. RISKS and BENEFITS Carousel Activity

48. RISKS and BENEFITS