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ccTLD „.CH“ (Switzerland), part 2

WGIG-Workshop „National Internet Governance Models“. ccTLD „.CH“ (Switzerland), part 2. Marcel Schneider Dipl. El. Ing. FH/STV/EUR-ING Manager Special Operations and International Relations. SWITCH: The Foundation.

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ccTLD „.CH“ (Switzerland), part 2

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  1. WGIG-Workshop „National Internet Governance Models“ ccTLD „.CH“ (Switzerland), part 2 Marcel Schneider Dipl. El. Ing. FH/STV/EUR-ING Manager Special Operations and International Relations

  2. SWITCH: The Foundation • Established in October 1987 as a foundation of the private sector by the Swiss government (Federal Department of Home Affairs) and eight university cantons for the purpose of creating and maintaining Switzerland’s academic and research network • Two main departments: Academic Services and Domain Name Registration • Registry Involvements: „CH“, „LI“ and sTLD „POST“ • Policy for „LI“: Government assumes „sleeping authority“ governance model • Policy for „POST“: Universal Postal Union, a UN organization, is negotiating sTLD private law contract with ICANN; SWITCH is subcontractor

  3. Governance Models and Registries • There are different policy models: • gTLD, sTLD, iTLD, ccTLD • Pro: Competition, test beds • Con: More difficult to understand • Requirements: Transparency, guidance for users, information • A registry is capable to support multiple policy models

  4. Focus on ccTLD „CH“: History • Pre-1986: Tests at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETHZ) with pseudo TLD „CHUNET“ • Other pseudo-TLD‘s: BITnet, UUCP • Central host table for computers • Ca. 1986: First DNS software available (BIND) • Distributed, decentralized, hierarchical system • May 1987: ETHZ asks IANA to assign „CH“ to ETHZ for testing purposes • October 1987: SWITCH established, „CH“ transferred to SWITCH • Since then: SWITCH admin and technical contact for „CH“

  5. 1.1.1996: New Policy for CH and LI • Concept of holdership introduced: • Holder is responsible • No domain name owners • Allowance for registrants to use domain name • Private law contract with registrants • Domain names are not sold; fee for storage, maintenance and publication (WHOIS, Name Servers in DNS) • Hands-off, liberal policy by registry; new concept at that time (different to COM, NET, ORG, other ccTLD’s) • Registry performs stewardship function for the Internet

  6. 2003: Public Regulations for TLD „CH“

  7. PPP: Shared Responsibilities (1) Swiss Government Registrars B2B SWITCH Registry B2C Registrants National and international coordination and collaboration Peers Subcontractors

  8. Shared Responsibilities (2) • Well defined responsibilities. • Government: • Represents LIC, ensures public policies • Collaboration: GAC, ITU, other governments, etc. • Registry: • Performs registration services • Collaboration: CENTR, wwTLD, RIPE, WIPO, ICANN/IANA, IETF, CERT, ITU, registrars, outsourcing partners, other services (ENUM, AAI etc.)

  9. ADRP • Requirement by OFCOM (Art. 14g AEFV) • Cooperation of OFCOM, Federal Department of Justice, Swiss Intellectual Property Institute, WIPO and SWITCH • Introduction 1.3.2004, since 1.4.2004 mandatory • Mandatory (first ) phase: Mediation • Voluntary (second) phase: Expert Determination (transfer, deletion or complaint denied)  violation of Intellectual Property Rights • Languages: English, French, German, Italian • Six decisions (as per 23.1.2005): five transfers, one complaint denied, two involving Internationalized Domain Names • URL: http://arbiter.wipo.int/domains/cctld/ch/index.html

  10. Benefits of Public Involvement • Delegation/re-delegation of registration authority locally handled (GAC Delegation Policies Art. 7.1) • High standards on data security, data protection, privacy and dispute resolution (GAC DP Art. 9.1.5 and 9.1.6) • Joint representation in international bodies (ICANN, partially ITU, WSIS, WIPO) • Controlled pricing, intention: competition • Joint actions and planning with regard to ICANN (ccNSO, Accountability Framework), GAC DP Art. 8

  11. Benefits from PPP (1) • Continued innovation • Guarantee that public interest is properly represented • Capacity building, outreach activities • SWITCH contacts TLD registries in developing countries to build capacities, training, know-how transfer, other support activities

  12. Benefits from PPP (2) • Stability and continuity • Credibility for registry • Transparency and competition • Shared responsibilities

  13. End Thank you!

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