Nutritional Environment in Primary & Secondary Schools

1. Nutritional Environment in Primary & Secondary Schools Rebecca Nowachek Walden University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for PH 6165-5 Rebecca Heick July 19, 2009

2. Purpose • To inform stakeholders on how the school environment can have a major impact on the childhood obesity epidemic.

3. Objectives • To understand the criteria used to determine if a child or adolescent is overweight or obese. • To understand the childhood obesity problem facing families and communities. • To understand why primary and secondary schools have an important role in reducing childhood obesity. • To learn ways to change the nutritional environment for students. • To learn the importance of added educational topics on nutrition for students.

4. Background • Overweight vs. Obesity • Determination of weight status • Cause of Obesity • Consequences • Obesity in the United States • Obesity in Iowa

5. Overweight vs. Obesity • Overweight= BMI at or above 85th percentile and lower than 95th percentile. • Obese= BMI is at or above the 95th percentile CDC. 2009. Overweight and obesity: Defining childhood overweight and obesity. Retrieved from July 11, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/defining.html

6. Cause of Obesity • Imbalance between calories consumed and calories used. • Imbalance can be influenced by: • Genetics • Behavioral • Environmental CDC. 2009. Overweight and obesity: Contributing factors. Retrieved July 11, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/causes.html

7. Consequences of Obesity • Psychological risks • Cardiovascular disease • High blood pressure • High cholesterol • Asthma • Sleep apnea • Type 2 diabetes CDC. 2009. Consequences. Retrieved on July 11, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/consequences.html

8. Prevalence (NHANES) Impact About ½ of diabetes cases are type 2 61% of obese 5-10 year olds have risk factors for heart disease Obese children and adolescents more likely to be obese adult Cost direct and indirect costs for 2002 were $92.6 billion Obesity in the United States CDC. 2009. Childhood overweight and obesity. Retrieved July 11, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/index.html American Heart Association. 2005. A Nation at Risk: Obesity in the United States. Retrieved July 13, 2009 from http://www.americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/1114880987205NationAtRisk.pdf Institute of Medicine.2004.Childhood obesity in the United States: Facts and figures. Retrieved July 13, 2009 from http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/22/606/FINALfactsandfigures2.pdf

9. Obesity in Iowa • About 80,000 children 10-17 years of age in Iowa are overweight or obese • Overweight and obesity prevalence is almost double in poor families compared to children in higher income families (39.6% to 21.4%). NICH.(nd). Childhood obesity action network. Retrieved July10, 2009 from http://nschdata.org

10. “Every school day, 54 million young people attend nearly 123,000 schools across the country. Influencing and enhancing the ability of schools to provide ahealthy environment could be one of the most effective ways to shape the health, education, and well-being of our next generation”– President Bill Clinton

11. Healthy Eating Podcast • SHPPS – School Health Policies & Programs Study: Healthy Eating • Released September 9,2009 CDC. 2009. School health policies & program study: healthy eating. Retrieved July 12, 2009 from http://www2a.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=10045

12. School Environment Status 77% 75% 64% 52% 50% 47% 28% 18% CDC. The obesity epidemic and Iowa students. Retrieved on July12, 2009 from www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/yrbs/pdf/obsesity/yrbs07_iowa_obesity.pdf CDC. The obesity epidemic and United States students. Retrieved on July12, 2009 from www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/yrbs/pdf/obesity/yrbs07_us_obesity.pdf

13. Students & Nutrition • Only 2% of youth meet all recommendations of food guide pyramid • < 15% of school children eat recommended fruit servings • <20% eat recommended vegetable servings • <25% eat recommended servings of grains • <30% consume recommended milk servings • Teens drink 2 times more soda than milk • 12% of students report skipping breakfast United States Department of Agriculture. (nd). Healthy school nutrition environment: Promoting healthy eating behaviors. Retrieved July 14, 2009 from www.teamnutrition.usda.gov/healthy/call2act.pdf

14. Nutritional Standards in United States • 19 states have nutritional standards forschool lunches, breakfasts and snacks that are stricter than USDA requirements • 27 states have nutritional standards for competitive foods sold a la carte, in vending machines, school stores, or school bake sales • 25 states have passed requirements for BMI screenings RWJ Foundation. (2009). New reports find obesity epidemic increase, Mississippi weighs in heaviest state. Retrieved on July11, 2009 from www.rwjf.org/childhodobesity/products.jsp?id=45348.

15. Implementation of Nutritional Educational Programs • 99% of public schools offer some kind of nutritional education • Nutrition education showed accomplishment of 3 objectives: • Nutritional facts so students can make betterdecisions about healthy eating • Change unhealthy attitudes • Teach positive skills • Home & School collaboration Celebuski,C.,Farris,E.,Carpenter,J. 1996. Nutrition education in public elementary and secondary schools. Retrieved July16,2009 from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs/96852.pdf

16. Healthy Environment • Doesn’t end at School Lunch programs • Breakfast • Snacks • Vending machines • Concessions • School parties

17. Benefits of Healthy Environments • Encourages healthy eating • Greater academic achievement • Improved attendance • Healthier lives • Healthy growth & development • Lowered risk of • Dental caries • Eating disorders • Malnutrition • Iron deficiency CDC.2008. Nutrition and the health of young people. Retrieved on July 16,2009 from www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/nutrition/Facts.htm

18. Outcomes • To start a school wellness council. • Assess school environment to identify areas of improvement • Develop an action plan • Identify resources • Take action to create a healthier school environment • Celebrate your success

19. Additional Resources • Changing Scene: Improving School Nutrition Environment www.fns.usda.gov/TN/resources/changing.html • Making it Happen: School Nutrition Success Stories www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/nutrition/Making-It-Happen/download.html • Nutrition Standards for Food in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier youth www.iom.edu/cms/3788/30181/42502.aspx • A Nation at Risk: Obesity in the United States. http://www.americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/1114880987205NationAtRisk.pdf

20. Additional Resources • Team Nutrition / Fitness Guide: For K-12 Classrooms http://www.impactchildhoodobesity.org/images/docs/K-12_Nutrition_Lesson_Plans.pdf

21. Conclusion

22. References American Heart Association. 2005. A Nation at Risk: Obesity in the United States. Retrieved July 13, 2009 from http://www.americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/1114880987205NationAtRisk.pdf Blom-Hoffman,J.,Wilcox,K.,Dunn,L.,Leff,S.,& Power,T. 2008. Family involvement in school-based health promotion: bringing nutrition information home. School Psychology Review, 37(4), 567-577. Retrieved July 16,2009 from Academic Search Premier Database. CDC. 2009. Consequences. Retrieved on July 11, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/consequences.html CDC. 2009. Overweight and obesity: Contributing factors. Retrieved July 11, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/causes.html CDC. 2009. Overweight and obesity: Defining childhood overweight and obesity. Retrieved from July 11, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/defining.html CDC. 2009. School health policies & program study: healthy eating. Retrieved July 12, 2009 from http://www2a.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=10045 CDC. The obesity epidemic and Iowa students. Retrieved on July12, 2009 from www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/yrbs/pdf/obsesity/yrbs07_iowa_obesity.pdf CDC. The obesity epidemic and United States students. Retrieved on July12, 2009 from www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/yrbs/pdf/obesity/yrbs07_us_obesity.pdf CDC. 2009. Childhood overweight and obesity. Retrieved July 11, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/index.html Celebuski,C.,Farris,E.,Carpenter,J. 1996. Nutrition education in public elementary and secondary schools. Retrieved July16,2009 from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs/96852.pdf

23. References (Cont.) Daniels,S.R., Arnett,D.K, Eckel,R.E., Gidding,S.S., Hayman,L.L., Humanyika,S.,Robinson,T.N., Scott,B.J., Jeor,S., Williams,C.L.2005. Overweight in children and adolescents: Pathophysiology, consequences, prevention, and treatment. Retrieved July 16, 2009 from http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/111/15/1999?ck=nck Institute of Medicine.2004.Childhood obesity in the United States: Facts and figures. Retrieved July 13, 2009 from http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/22/606/FINALfactsandfigures2.pdf NICH.(nd). Childhood obesity action network. Retrieved July10, 2009 from http://nschdata.org RWJ Foundation. (2009). New reports find obesity epidemic increase, Mississippi weighs in heaviest state. Retrieved on July11, 2009 from www.rwjf.org/childhodobesity/products.jsp?id=45348. United States Department of Agriculture. (nd). Healthy school nutrition environment: Promoting healthy eating behaviors. Retrieved July 14, 2009 from www.teamnutrition.usda.gov/healthy/call2act.pdf