Text Structure Day Four (4)

1. Text Structure Day Four (4) November 19, 2012

2. Review Six Basic Text Structures • Chronological • Compare/Contrast • Cause & Effect • Problem/Solution • Spatial • Description

3. Ways test makers will ask you to identify a text’s structure • The main organizational structure of the article is ? • How does the author organize the article? • From the heading and subheadings, the reader can determine the main organizational pattern of the article is? • Which of the following best describes the order in which information is presented in the article?

4. The Age of the Dinosaurs Dinosaurs existed about 250 million years ago to 65 million years ago. This era is broken up into three periods known as the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. The Triassic Period lasted for 35 million years from 250-205 million years ago. Planet Earth was a very different place back then. All the continents were united to form one huge land mass known as Pangaea. The Jurassic Period was the second phase. The continents began shifting apart. The time scale for this famous period is from 205 to 138 million years ago. The Cretaceous Period was the last period of the dinosaurs. It spanned a time from 138 million to about 65 million years ago. In this period the continents fully separated. However, Australia and Antarctica were still united. • Which text structure is this? ___________________________

5. Main Idea The Age of the Dinosaurs Dinosaurs existed about 250 million years ago to 65 million years ago. This era is broken up into three periods known as the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. The Triassic Period lasted for 35 million years from 250-205 million years ago. Planet Earth was a very different place back then. All the continents were united to form one huge land mass known as Pangaea. The Jurassic Period was the second phase. The continents began shifting apart. The time scale for this famous period is from 205 to 138 million years ago. The Cretaceous Period was the last period of the dinosaurs. It spanned a time from 138 million to about 65 million years ago. In this period the continents fully separated. However, Australia and Antarctica were still united. Supporting Idea One (1) Supporting Idea Two (2) Supporting Idea Three (3)

6. Supporting Idea One (1) The Triassic Period The Triassic Period lasted for 35 million years from 250-205 million years ago. Planet Earth was a very different place back then. All the continents were united to form one huge land mass known as Pangaea. Main Idea Supporting Idea One (1) Supporting Idea Two (2)

7. Supporting Idea Two (2) Main Idea The Jurassic Period The Jurassic Period was the second phase. The continents began shifting apart. The time scale for this famous period is from 205 to 138 million years ago. Supporting Idea One (1) Supporting Idea Two (2) Supporting Idea Three (3)

8. Supporting Idea Three (3) Main Idea The Cretaceous Period The Cretaceous Period was the last period of the dinosaurs. It spanned a time from 138 million to about 65 million years ago. In this period the continents fully separated. However, Australia and Antarctica were still united. Supporting Idea One (1) Supporting Idea Two (2) Supporting Idea Three (3)

9. Main Idea In this period the continents fully separated. However, Australia and Antarctica were still united. Cretaceous Supporting Idea Three (3) It spanned a time from 138 million to about 65 million years ago. It was the last period of the dinosaurs. The Age of The Dinosaurs It was the second phase Main Idea Triassic Supporting Idea One (1) Jurassic This period lasted for 35 million years from 250-205 million years ago Supporting Idea Two (2) Planet Earth was a very different place back then. All the continents were united to form one huge land mass known as Pangaea The continents began shifting apart. The time scale for this famous period is from 205 to 138 million years ago.

10. Supporting Idea One (1) Triassic Main Idea This period lasted for 35 million years from 250-205 million years ago Planet Earth was a very different place back then. All the continents were united to form one huge land mass known as Pangaea Supporting Idea One (1) Supporting Idea Two (2)

11. Supporting Idea Two (2) Jurassic Main Idea It was the second phase Supporting Idea One (1) The time scale for this famous period is from 205 to 138 million years ago. The continents began shifting apart. Supporting Idea Three (3) Supporting Idea Two (2)

12. Supporting Idea Three (3) Cretaceous Main Idea In this period the continents fully separated. However, Australia and Antarctica were still united. Supporting Idea Three (3) It spanned a time from 138 million to about 65 million years ago. It was the last period of the dinosaurs. Supporting Idea One (1) Supporting Idea Two (2)

13. To figure out how a text has been structured ask… • How is the author connecting the supporting ideas, for the main idea,to “the Main Idea”? • NOT how is the author connecting the supporting ideas for “Supporting Idea One (1)” to the main idea of “Supporting Idea One (1)”? • NOT how is the author connecting the supporting ideas for “Supporting Idea Two (2)” to the main idea of “Supporting Idea Two (2)”? • NOT how is the author connecting the supporting ideas for “Supporting Idea Three (3)” to the main idea of “Supporting Idea Three (3)”?

14. How is the author connecting “Triassic,” “Jurassic,” and “Cretaceous” to “The Age of the Dinosaur”? • Not how is the author connecting “This period lasted for 35 million…” and “Planet Earth was a very…” to “Triassic”? • Not how is the author connecting “the time scale for this…,” “the continents began…,” and “it was the second phase” to Jurassic?

15. Question Number Three (3) Though toads are still around, they no longer are as common in some areas as they were a few decades ago. The growing use of insecticides has reduced their numbers. The chemical sprays usually do not harm frogs or toads, but cut down the animals’ food supply.The urban gardener who decides that a toad would be useful in the backyard will probably have to go out into the woods or the countryside to fetch one.

16. Though toads are still around, they no longer are as common in some areas as they were a few decades ago. The growing use of insecticides has reduced their numbers. The chemical sprays usually do not harm frogs or toads, but cut down the animals’ food supply.The urban gardener who decides that a toad would be useful in the backyard will probably have to go out into the woods or the countryside to fetch one.

17. The growing use of insecticides has reduced their numbers. Though toads are still around, they no longer are as common in some areas as they were a few decades ago. The Effects Of Insecticide On Frogs & Toads The urban gardener who decides that a toad would be useful in the backyard will probably have to go out into the woods or the countryside to fetch one. The chemical sprays usually do not harm frogs or toads, but cut down the animals’ food supply.

18. To figure out how a text has been structured ask… • How is the author connecting the supporting ideas, for the main idea,to “the Main Idea”? • All are effects: the author is using a Cause & Effect Text Structure

19. Supporting Idea One (1) (Paragraphs One (1) through Six (6)      HONOLULU--For Rochelle Ballard, the North Shore of Oahu is an ideal spot for her day job. A top female pro-surfer, Ms. Ballard spends her working days tunneling through crystalline blue waves and dodging wipe-outs on breaking faces the size of large buildings. Her office is palm-lined Oahu and other top surf spots around the world. Her uniform, a swimsuit and sunscreen.      Ballard has adroitly ridden a pop-culture wave to fame and fortune. Last year she had a cameo as herself in "Blue Crush," a movie that might be described as "Rocky" with teen girls on surfboards. Now, the MTV television channel has announced that it will air a reality television series based on the lives of competitive women surfers living in Hawaii. Yet, for all their Hollywood cachet, Rochelle Ballard and other top female surfers have grown increasingly disenchanted with the professional side of their sport. In what should be a glorious winter of waves, they have watched interest in women's contests dwindle and contest venues move to less desirable surf spots. They believe they are getting short shrift from the professional body that runs both the men's and women's tours, the Association of Surfing Professionals (ASP).      "Our exposure level has grown tremendously. In some cases, women’s surfing has gotten more exposure than men’s surfing because of 'Blue Crush' and other things," says Ballard. But "I don't think the ASP is pushing and embracing women's surfing as much as men's surfing."      The timing certainly seems right for a big push to grow the women's professional tour. Nearly 20 percent of recreation surfers today are women, well up from the low single digits a decade ago. Sales growth of women's surf clothing is outpacing the sales growth of clothes for men. And surfing has entered the mainstream of fashion; models at the Chanel show in Paris this fall clutched surfboards. Elegant women surfers have graced the fold of numerous women's magazines.   To be sure, top female surfers such as Layne Beachley, Keala Kennelly, and Kate Skarratt have garnered some interest in recent years, including sponsorships. Ballard brings home a six-figure income, enough to buy a house on the beach she loves. It's more than any female professional surfer could have expected a decade ago.

20. Supporting Idea Two (2) (Paragraphs Seven (7) through Nine (9) Yet in 2003, the World Championship Tour (WCT), managed by the ASP, has only attracted sponsorship for six women's events with none during the prime Northern Hemisphere surf season of October and November. That's half the number of events for men. What’s more, men's events enjoy sponsorships from big brand names such as Coca-Cola and Microsoft. By comparison, last year the women's tour lost its big brand name backer, liquor company Kahlua. Surfing insiders say the company became frustrated it was not getting the coverage and signage at events guaranteed in its sponsorship contract. And for the past two years the ASP has contracted with a television crew to provide footage for the men's tour. That arrangement has not extended to the women's tour.      "Companies approach me all the time. The ASP doesn't get it. They need a specific marketing program for women's surfing," says Ballard.

21. Supporting Idea Three (3) (Paragraphs Ten (10) And Eleven (11)   Some of the lack of sponsorship comes from decreased visibility. While the men's events invariably hit the world's top breaks, some women's events get shunted to lesser waves such as Turtle Bay, Oahu. In one case, top men's and women's events were scheduled on the same day on different islands in Hawaii. That meant the women had to compete directly with the men's event for publicity and TV coverage.      "The press does not cover women's sports equally and the sponsors are going to look at that. You look at the sports section in any paper and you are not going to see equal coverage."

22. Supporting Idea Four (4) Paragraph Twelve (12)  Prize money is another sore spot. The 18 women on the tour have to split six purses of $60,0000. Many of the women lose money competing on the professional tour and must rely on sponsorships to recoup their traveling expenses. Ballard says she lost $10,000 on the women's tour circuit last year. By comparison, many male pros cover their travels with their winnings alone.

23. Supporting Idea Five (5) Paragraphs Thirteen (13) And Fourteen (14) For its part, the ASP claims it hopes to build the women's tour in the coming year. Tour director Wayne "Rabbit" Bartholomew anticipates upping the number of women's WCT events to eight by 2004. A few years ago there were an equal number of women's and men's events. But when the ASP decided to double the total contest prize purses for both men and women--and require higher commitments from sponsors who wanted to own event names--the men's events held steady, while sponsors decided not to pay for the women's events. "In many respects, market forces dictate prize money and sponsorship levels," says Mr. Bartholomew. For now, Ballard and other women professionals still get to surf the planet, but it's not quite the same with fewer people watching.

24. The World Championship Tour (WCT), managed by the ASP, has only attracted sponsorship for six women's events with none during the prime Northern Hemisphere surf season of October and November. That's half the number of events for men. Now, the MTV television channel has announced that it will air a reality television series based on the lives of competitive women surfers living in Hawaii. Nearly 20 percent of recreation surfers today are women, well up from the low single digits a decade ago. In what should be a glorious winter of waves, they have watched interest in women's contests dwindle and contest venues move to less desirable surf spots. Sales growth of women's surf clothing is outpacing the sales growth of clothes for men. By comparison, last year the women's tour lost its big brand name backer, liquor company Kahlua. Surfing insiders say the company became frustrated it was not getting the coverage and signage at events guaranteed in its sponsorship contract. ASP plans to build women’s tour To be sure, top female surfers have garnered some interest in recent years, including sponsorships. But "I don't think the ASP is pushing and embracing women's surfing as much as men's surfing." Supporting Idea Five (5) Exposure has grown Disenchanted with the professional side of the sport Too Few Sponsorships anticipates upping the number of women's WCT events to eight by 2004 Supporting Idea Two (2) Supporting Idea One (1) Elegant women surfers have graced the fold of numerous women's magazines And for the past two years the ASP has contracted with a television crew to provide footage for the men's tour. That arrangement has not extended to the women's tour. They believe they are getting short shrift from the ASP Women Surfers A top female pro-surfer, Ballard spends her working days tunneling through crystalline blue waves and dodging wipe-outs on breaking faces the size of large buildings Surfer Girls Are In Search Of Solutions "The press does not cover women's sports equally and the sponsors are going to look at that. You look at the sports section in any paper and you are not going to see equal coverage." Tangent Idea One (1) The 18 women on the tour have to split six purses of $60,0000. Many of the women lose money competing on the professional tour and must rely on sponsorships to recoup their traveling expenses. Main Idea Her office is palm-lined Oahu and other top surf spots around the world Decreased visibility women's events get shunted to lesser waves such as Turtle Bay, Oahu Supporting Idea Three (3) Rochelle Ballard Her uniform, a swimsuit and sunscreen Prize Money Supporting Idea Four (4) Top men's and women's events were scheduled on the same day on different islands in Hawaii. That meant the women had to compete directly with the men's event for publicity and TV coverage. Ballard has adroitly ridden a pop-culture wave to fame and fortune. Last year she had a cameo as herself in "Blue Crush," a movie that might be described as "Rocky" with teen girls on surfboards.